Overcoming Natural Resource Constraints Through R&D

We study the optimal policies of research and development in the context of a resource-exploiting economy. We distinguish two cases: non-renewable resources and renewable resources. In the first case, we show that it is useful to construct an index of scarcity, which is the product of the level of technical know-how and the aggregate stock of resources. Provided that the rate of discount is not too high, there exists a critical level of this index, below which one must maximize the rate of investment in R&D. Starting from this critical level, it is possible to maintain a constant rate of consumption, by substituting knowledge for natural resources. In the case of renewable resources, we show that the optimal policy is to give priority to the production of consumption goods, and the rates of investments in R&D are determined residually. Nous étudions la politique optimale en R&D dans le secteur de ressources naturelles. On distingue deux cas : ressources non renouvelables, et ressources renouvelables. Dans le premier cas, nous montrons qu'il est utile de construire un indice de rareté, qui est le produit du niveau de connaissance scientifique et du stock de ressources. Pourvu que le taux d'escompte ne soit pas trop élevé, il existe un niveau critique de cet indice au-dessous duquel il faut maximiser le taux d'investissement en R&D. À partir de ce niveau critique, on peut atteindre un état stationnaire de consommation en substituant la ressource par la connaissance. Dans le cas de ressources renouvelables, la politique optimale est d'accorder la priorité à la production des biens de consommation, et les investissements en R&D sont déterminés comme résiduels.optimal R&D policies, natural resources, scarcity index, politique optimale en R&D, ressources naturelles, indice de rareté

A Global Steering Method for Nonholonomic Systems

In this paper, we present an iterative steering algorithm for nonholonomic systems (also called driftless control-affine systems) and we prove its global convergence under the sole assumption that the Lie Algebraic Rank Condition (LARC) holds true everywhere. That algorithm is an extension of the one introduced in [21] for regular systems. The first novelty here consists in the explicit algebraic construction, starting from the original control system, of a lifted control system which is regular. The second contribution of the paper is an exact motion planning method for nilpotent systems, which makes use of sinusoidal control laws and which is a generalization of the algorithm described in [29] for chained-form systems

Alcohol in Ireland: consumption, harm, cost and policy response.

Key points among the findings Alcohol –how much and what we drink • In 2014 Irish drinkers consumed 11 litres of pure alcohol each. This is equal to 29 litres of vodka, 116 bottles of wine or 445 pints of beer. • Current per capita consumption is 21% higher than the Department of Health steering group’s target which sets out to reduce per capita consumption, from 11.0 litres of pure alcohol per person to 9.1 litres. • In 2012 Ireland had the fourth highest alcohol consumption level among 36 OECD countries after Estonia, France and Lithuania. • It is not just what Irish people drink, but the way they drink that causes harm. In 2013 the HRB Alcohol Diary survey showed that more than 50% of Irish drinkers consume alcohol in a harmful manner – too much alcohol in one sitting and more than the recommended number of standard drinks in a week. Alcohol – the impact on our health • The number of people discharged from hospital whose condition was totally attributable to alcohol rose by 82% between 1995 and 2013, from 9,420 to 17,120. Males accounted for 72% of these discharges and females 28%. • There has also been a steady increase in the mean length of stay (LOS) for hospital discharges, from 6.0 days in 1995 to 10.1 days in 2013, which suggests that patients with alcohol-related diagnoses are becoming more complex in terms of their illness. • The rate of alcoholic liver disease discharges grew threefold between 1995 and 2013. The highest rate of increase was observed among 15–34 year-olds, albeit from a low rate. • The number of people discharged whose condition was partially attributed to alcohol increased from 52,491 in 2007 to 57,110 in 2011. This is approximately three times the number of discharges totally attributable to alcohol. • Between 2001 and 2010, one in ten breast cancer cases were attributable to alcohol. • Three people died each day in 2013 as a result of drinking alcohol. • In 2014, one- in-three self-harm presentations were alcohol-related. • An estimated 167,170 people suffered an alcohol-related assault. • A total of 7,549 cases entered treatment in 2013 with alcohol as their main problem drug. These cases were predominantly male and median age was 39-40 years. This is a decrease of just over 12% since 2011. This decrease could reflect a true decrease in the number of cases, reduced levels of participation or under-reporting or a combination of these factors. Alcohol – impact on the economy and tax payer • In 2013, alcohol-related discharges accounted for 160,211 bed days in public hospitals, that is 3.6% of all bed days that year; compared to 56,264 bed days or 1.7% of the total number of bed days in 1995. • €1.5 billion is the cost to the tax-payer for alcohol-related discharges from hospital. That is equal to €1 for every €10 spent on public health in 2012. This excludes the cost of emergency cases, GP visits, psychiatric admissions and alcohol treatment services. • An estimated 5,315 people on the Live Register in November 2013 had lost their job due to alcohol use. • The estimated cost of alcohol-related absenteeism was €41,290,805 in 2013

Prosper: image and robot-guided prostate brachytherapy

Brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer consists in destroying cancer by introducing iodine radioactive seeds into the gland through hollow needles. The planning of the position of the seeds and their introduction into the prostate is based on intra-operative ultrasound (US) imaging. We propose to optimize the global quality of the procedure by: i) using 3D US; ii) enhancing US data with MRI registration; iii) using a specially designed needle-insertion robot, connected to the imaging data. The imaging methods have been successfully tested on patient data while the robot accuracy has been evaluated on a realistic deformable phantom