The lowest detection limit and the specificity of IC strip test.

(A) Performance tests of the colloidal gold immunochromatographic strips; (B) Standard solutions of MRJP1 at each concentration of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 μg/mL were tested; (C)The detection of MRJP1 by using the immunochromatographic strip. (1) royal jelly; (2) milk vetch honey; (3) acacia honey.</p

The titer of the PoAbs.

The titer of the PoAbs.</p

Optimal conditions.

(A) Optimization of pH value in conjunction with colloidal gold. pH values from left to right are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, respectively; (B) pH values from left to right are 7.4, 7.7, 8, 8.3, 8.6, 9.0, respectively; (C)The Optimization amount of SP-1 in conjunction with colloidal gold.</p

Standard curve of the MRJP1.

Standard curve of the MRJP1.</p

The MRJP1 contents in pure honey and honey adulteration by ELISA.

The MRJP1 contents in pure honey and honey adulteration by ELISA.</p

Novel polyclonal antibody-based rapid gold sandwich immunochromatographic strip for detecting the major royal jelly protein 1 (MRJP1) in honey - Fig 2

Transmission electron micrograph(A) and visible spectrum (B) of the colloidal gold.</p

The detection of adulterated milk vetch honey by using the immunochromatographic strip.

A: (1) milk vetch honey (honey concentration 100%); (2)milk vetch honey: corn syrup = 7:3 (honey concentration 70%); (3) milk vetch honey: corn syrup = 5:5 (honey concentration 50%); (4)milk vetch honey:corn syrup = 3:7 (honey concentration 30%); (5) corn syrup (honey concentration 0); B: (1) milk vetch honey (honey concentration 100%); (2) milk vetch honey: rice syrup = 7:3 (honey concentration 70%); (3) milk vetch honey: rice syrup = 5:5 (honey concentration 50%); (4)milk vetch honey: rice syrup = 3:7 (honey concentration 30%); (5)rice syrup (honey concentration 0).</p

Detection of pure honey and honey adulteration by EA-IRMS.

Detection of pure honey and honey adulteration by EA-IRMS.</p

Minimum inhibition concentrations (µg/ml; MIC^a) at 24 h for RAcc-royalisin and nisin on different microorganism strains.

a<p>MICs are concentrations where the average Δ<i>OD</i>₆₀₀ value was not greater than 0.05.</p>b<p>ND: not detected.</p

The effect of RAcc-royalisin on the cell membrane of Gram-positive bacteria.

<p>The UV absorbance of <i>B. subtilis</i> (A) and <i>M. flavus</i> (B) at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of treatment with RAcc-royalisin, nisin and blank control, respectively.</p