Effect of MG on p21, p-p21, p27, p-p27 and CDK2 activity in 3T3-L1 cells.

<p>After 24 h treatment with or without MG (10 µM) in the presence or absence of SH-6 (10 µM)/alagebrium (50 µM), the protein levels of p21, p-21 and p27, p-p27 (<b><i>A</i></b>), and the activity of Cdk2 (<b><i>B</i></b>) were determined and compared. *<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> control (CT) cells; <b>⁺</b><i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> MG treated cells. The results were based on data from three experiments.</p

Real-time PCR primer sequences for gene targets in mice.

<p>Real-time PCR primer sequences for gene targets in mice.</p

Mean arterial blood pressure and methylglyoxal (MG) levels in the aorta and kidney of high fructose diet treated Sprague-Dawley rats.

<p>Groups (<i>n = </i>8 each) of 5 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 16 weeks with a high fructose diet (Fruc, 60% of total calories). Control rats received normal chow. Metformin (Met, 500 mg/kg/day in drinking water) was used as a MG scavenger. Mean arterial pressure was measured with an intra-carotid artery catheter in anesthetized rats. MG levels were determined with HPLC. **<i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs</i>. respective control (Con). ^†<i>P</i><0.05, ^††<i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs</i>. respective Fruc group.</p

Total fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 and -2 mRNA levels in renal tissues of CSE^–/– mice.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> Total fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) activity in kidneys of 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 6), 14–16 (<i>n</i> = 6), and 20-22 (<i>n</i> = 4) week-old mice. <b>Panel B:</b> Real-time PCR results of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase)-1 levels in renal tissues of CSE^–/– mice ages 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 5), 14–16 (<i>n</i> = 7), and 20-22 (<i>n</i> = 5) weeks. <b>Panel C:</b> Real-time PCR results of FBPase-2 mRNA levels in kidneys of 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 4), 14–16 (<i>n</i> = 4), and 20-22 (<i>n</i> = 5) week-old mice. FBPase activity, FBPase-1 and -2 mRNA values in CSE^–/– mice are presented as a percentage of the mean of age-matched CSE^+/+ mice. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, and ***<i>P</i><0.001 vs. corresponding age groups of CSE^+/+ mice.</p

Basic parameters of lean/obese Zucker rats.

*<p><i>P</i><0.05,</p>**<p><i>P</i><0.01 vs lean Zucker rats, n = 4−8 in each group.</p><p>Chol: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL: high density lipoprotein.</p

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) expression in the aorta and kidney of high fructose diet treated Sprague-Dawley rats.

<p>Groups (<i>n = </i>8 each) of 5 week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 16 weeks with a high fructose diet (Fruc, 60% of total calories). Control rats received normal chow. Metformin (Met, 500 mg/kg/day in drinking water) was used as a MG scavenger. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting using appropriate primary antibodies.</p

mRNA levels of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 and -2, and estrogen-related receptor-α in NaHS-treated rat A-10 cells.

<p>Rat A-10 cells were treated with NaHS at different concentrations for 24 h to determine mRNA levels of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α <b>(Panel A)</b>, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase)-1 <b>(Panel B)</b>, FBPase-2 <b>(Panel C)</b>, and estrogen-related receptor-α (ERRα) <b>(Panel D)</b>. <i>n</i> = 5 for each group in <b>Panels A</b>, <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and <b>D</b>. The mRNA values obtained from NaHS-treated A-10 cells are presented as a percentage of the mean of control cells. *<i>P</i><0.05 and **<i>P</i><0.01 vs. control group.</p

Methylglyoxal and H₂S levels in plasma and renal tissues in CSE^–/– mice.

<p><b>Panel A:</b> Methylglyoxal (MG) levels in the plasma where measured in 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 7), 14-16 (<i>n</i> = 4), and 20-22 (<i>n</i> = 7) week-old CSE^-/- and CSE^+/+ mice. <b>Panel B:</b> H₂S levels in plasma in 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 4-6), 14-16 (<i>n</i> = 4–6), and 20-24 (<i>n</i> = 3–5) week-old CSE^-/- and CSE^+/+ mice. <b>Panel C:</b> MG levels in renal tissues of 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 5), 14-16 (<i>n</i> = 6), and 20-22 (<i>n</i> = 7) week-old mice. <b>Panel D:</b> Renal H₂S levels in 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 3–5), 14-16 (<i>n</i> = 4), and 20–22 (<i>n</i> = 3-5) week-old mice. MG and H₂S values from CSE^-/- mice are presented as a percentage of the mean of age-matched CSE^+/+ mice. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, and ***<i>P</i><0.001 vs. corresponding age groups of CSE^+/+ mice.</p

Angiotensin II (Ang II), AT1 receptor (AT1R) and α1D receptor (α1DR) expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with methylglyoxal.

<p>Rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cells (A10 cell line) were cultured and incubated with MG (30 µM) for 24 h. Metformin (100 µM) was used as a MG scavenger. Protein expression was determined by Western blotting using appropriate primary antibodies. <i>n</i> = 4 for each group. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs</i>. respective control (Con). ^†<i>P</i><0.05, ^††<i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs</i>. respective MG group.</p

Plasma glucose levels in 6-22 week-old CSE^-/- mice.

<p>Plasma glucose levels were measured in 6-8 (<i>n</i> = 5–7), 14-16 (<i>n</i> = 4–5), and 20-22 (<i>n</i> = 6–7) week-old CSE^-/- and CSE^+/+ mice after starving for 16 h. *<i>P</i><0.05 and **<i>P</i><0.01 vs. corresponding age-matched CSE^+/+ mice; ^#<i>P</i><0.05 vs. 6–8 week-old CSE^-/- mice; ^†<i>P</i><0.05 vs. 6–8 week-old CSE^+/+ mice<b>.</b></p