Amide Bond Formation through Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Tertiary Amines with Anhydrides

A general and efficient method for amide bond synthesis has been developed. The method allows for synthesis of tertiary amides from readily available tertiary amines and anhydrides in the presence of FeCl₂ as catalyst and <i>tert</i>-butyl hydroperoxide in water (T-Hydro) as oxidant. Mechanistic studies indicated that the in situ-generated α-amino peroxide of tertiary amine and iminium ion act as key intermediates in this oxidative transformation

Data_Sheet_1_Validation of GLIM criteria on malnutrition in older Chinese inpatients.pdf

ObjectiveMalnutrition is a nutritional disorder and common syndrome that has a high incidence and is easily ignored in hospitalized older patients. It can lead to multiple poor prognoses, such as frailty. Early identification and correct evaluation of possible malnutrition and frailty are essential to improve clinical outcomes in older patients. Therefore, our objective was to explore the applicability and effectiveness of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria for identifying malnutrition in older patients.MethodsIn total, 223 participants aged ≥60 years were involved. Nutrition was evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Full Form (MNA-FF) and GLIM criteria, which adopt a two-step procedure. The first step was to use three different methods for the screening of nutritional risk: the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002, the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF), and the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. The second step was to link a combination of at least one phenotypical criterion and one etiological criterion to diagnose malnutrition. The Clinical Frailty Scale was used to assess frailty. Sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, kappa values, and positive and negative predictive values were used to evaluate the validity of the GLIM criteria. Logistic regression models were used to assess whether there was a correlation between malnutrition, as defined by the GLIM criteria, and frailty.ResultsWe found that 32.3–49.8% of our patient sample were at risk of malnutrition based on the GLIM diagnosis and using the three different screening tools; 19.3–27.8% of the patients were malnourished. GLIM criteria with MNA-SF as a diagnostic validation and MNA-FF as a reference showed high consistency (K = 0.629; p ConclusionsThe incidence of GLIM-defined malnutrition was 19.3–27.8% using different screening tools. The consistency between the GLIM criteria using the MNA-SF and the MNA methods was high. Malnutrition, as diagnosed by the GLIM criteria with MNA-SF, was significantly correlated with frailty. GLIM criteria with MNA-SF may be a more reliable malnutrition assessment process in older inpatients.</p

Rhizosphere microbiota assemblage associated with wild and cultivated soybeans grown in three types of soil suspensions

<p>Soil microbial community composition is determined by the soil type and the plant species. By sequencing the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons, the current study assessed the bacterial community assemblage in rhizosphere and bulks soils of wild (<i>Glycine soja</i>) and cultivated (<i>Glycine max</i>) soybeans grown in the suspensions of three important soil types in China, including black, red and soda-saline-alkali soils. The alpha-diversity of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere was significantly higher than that of the bulk soils suggesting that bulk soil lacks plant nurturing effect under the current study conditions. Black and red soils were enriched with nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria but the soda-saline-alkali soil suspension had more denitrifying bacteria, which may reflect agronomic unsuitability of the latter. We also observed a high abundance of <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i>, enriched cellulolytic bacteria, as well as a highly connected molecular ecological network in the <i>G. soja</i> rhizosphere soil. Taken all, the current study suggest that wild soybeans may have evolved to recruit beneficial microbes in its rhizosphere that can promote nutrients requisition, biostasis and disease-resistance, therefore ecologically more resilient than cultivated soybeans.</p

Ginkgolide B increases Sirt1 expression in ox-LDL-stimulated endothelial cells.

<p>(A) Ginkgolide B increased Sirt1 expression. ^#<i>p</i><0.05, compared with control; *<i>p</i><0.05, compared with ox-LDL-stimulated cells. (B) LY294002 had no effect on Sirt1 expression. (C) Quantitative analysis of the level of Sirt2 mRNA by RT-PCR. GADPH was used as an internal reference in the reactive system. (D) Sirt1 siRNA increased LOX-1 and ICAM-1 expression. (E) Analysis of LOX-1 expression in Sirt1 siRNA-transfected cells. *<i>p</i><0.05, difference between Sirt1 siRNA-transfected and -nontransfected cells. (F) Analysis of ICAM-1 expression in Sirt1 siRNA-transfected cells. *<i>p</i><0.05, difference between Sirt1 siRNA-transfected and -nontransfected cells. The data were obtained from three independent experiments.</p

Ginkgolide B inhibits LOX-1 in ox-LDL-stimulated endothelial cells.

<p>The results were obtained from five independent experiments. ^#<i>p</i><0.05, compared with control; *<i>p</i><0.05, compared with ox-LDL-stimulated cells.</p

Ginkgolide B and LY294002 inhibit p38MAPK phosphorylation.

<p>(A) Ginkgolide B inhibited p38MAPK phosphorylation. (B) LY294002 reduced p38MAPK phosphorylation. ^#<i>p</i><0.05, compared with control; *<i>p</i><.05, compared with ox-LDL-stimulated cells. The data were obtained from five independent experiments.</p

LOX-1 expression induced by native LDL or ox-LDL at different time points.

<p>(A) Native LDL-induced LOX-1 expression. (B) ox-LDL-induced LOX-1 expression. The results were obtained from three independent experiments.</p

Ginkgolide B inhibits Akt phosphorylation and ICAM-1 expression in ox-LDL-stimulated endothelial cells.

<p>(A) Ginkgolide B inhibited Akt phosphorylation. ^#<i>p</i><0.05, compared with control; *<i>p</i><0.05, compared with ox-LDL-stimulated cells. (B) Ginkgolide B suppressed ICAM-1 expression. ^#<i>p</i><0.05, compared with control; *<i>p</i><0.05, compared with ox-LDL-stimulated cells. (C) LOX-1 and ICAM-1 expression in Akt1 siRNA -transfected and -nontransfected cells. (D) Analysis of LOX-1 expression with Akt siRNA transfection. The results were obtained from three independent experiments. *<i>p</i><0.05, difference between Akt siRNA-transfected and -nontransfected cells. (F) Analysis of ICAM-1 expression with Akt siRNA transfection. *<i>p</i><0.05, difference between Akt siRNA-transfected and -nontransfected cells.</p

Ginkgolide B decreases Nrf2 expression without reducing the level of Nrf2 mRNA in ox-LDL-stimulated endothelial cells.

<p>(A) Ginkgolide B downregulated Nrf2 expression. (B) LY294002 recovered Nrf2 expression. The data were obtained from five independent experiments. ^#<i>p</i><0.05, compared with control; *<i>p</i><0.05, compared with ox-LDL-stimulated cells. (C) Quantitative analysis of the level of Nrf2 mRNA by RT-PCR. GADPH was used as an internal reference in the reactive system. The data were obtained from three independent experiments.</p

Large Areal Mass and High Scalable and Flexible Cobalt Oxide/Graphene/Bacterial Cellulose Electrode for Supercapacitors

Flexible energy storage devices require a simple, scalable and general strategy for fabricating high electrochemical performance and mechanically tough flexible electrodes. Herein, sustainable and biological bacterial cellulose (BC) is developed as substrate for Co₃O₄/graphene (GN), which permits high flexibility (suitable for bending angle of 180°), excellent tensile strength of 63 MPa, good wettability, and especially large mass loading of 9.61 mg cm^–2 for a flexible and free-standing supercapacitor electrode. The Co₃O₄/GN/BC hybrid electrode exhibits both appreciable areal capacitance of 12.25 F cm^–2 and gravimetric capacitance of 1274.2 F g^–1. Moreover, the remarkable cycling stability with 96.4% capacitance retention after 20000 can be achieved. This study provides a facile procedure to improve the electrochemical performance and mechanical property of flexible supercapacitor electrodes, which are promising candidates for the application of a flexible power source