85 research outputs found

    Location-integrated Indexing and Query Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks

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    Query processing on mobile sensor networks requires efficient indexing and partitioning of the data space to support efficient routing as the network scales up. Building an index structure in an ad hoc manner requires two operations: localization to discover the sensor’s position; and assignment to each sensor of the appropriate data space partition. We propose a fully distributed, cost-effective scheme, which integrates localization, indexing and data space management for sensors. The proposed scheme organizes the physical sensor network by localizing the sensors into physical zones, partitioning the data space into subspaces and assigning each subspace to a sensor for data management, and maintaining an overlay structure based on the space partitioning among sensor nodes and shared by queries. We propose a fully distributed, cost-effective scheme, which integrates localization, indexing and data space management for sensors. The proposed scheme organizes the physical sensor network by localizing the sensors into physical zones, partitioning the data space into subspaces and assigning each subspace to a sensor for data management, and maintaining an overlay structure based on the space partitioning among sensor nodes and shared by queries

    Morphological Control in Aggregates of Amphiphilic Cylindrical Metal–Polymer “Brushes”

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    Controlled self-assembly of gold nanorods (AuNRs) into nanostructures of various morphologies has attracted considerable interest because it provides a high degree of freedom in tailoring the properties of the nanostructures by the coupling of the optical and electronic properties of the individual AuNRs. This paper presents a new strategy for making AuNR aggregates of tunable morphologies. In this approach, the surface of AuNRs is chemically coated with an amphiphilic diblock copolymer. The coating gives the AuNRs a cylindrical brush structure. By varying the nature of the common solvent or the interparticle electrostatic repulsion, the self-assembly of the amphiphilic cylindrical AuNR–polymer “brushes” can produce water-soluble aggregates of controllable morphologies, including single-rod ellipsoidal micelles, curved circular lamellae, and nanospheres. The AuNRs in the various aggregates generate different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption patterns, with the longitudinal SPR band in the near-infrared spectral window shifting as the aggregate morphology changes

    Temporal Variation and Co-occurrence Patterns of Bacterial Communities in Eutrophic Lake Taihu, China

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    <p>To understand the long-term and local variations of bacteria under the influence of annually re-occurred water bloom, bacterial community composition (BCC) was investigated monthly for 3 years (2009–2011) at four different sites located across Lake Taihu. The bacterial community composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Co-occurrence patterns among bacterial taxa and environmental variables were determined through network analysis. Overall, strong seasonal variation patterns of BCC were observed whilst the spatial variations of BCC were slight in the long-term observation. However, core species bacteria persisted throughout the annual variations. Network analysis showed that the highly connected operational taxonomic units in bacteria-environment network included both the numerically dominant taxa and some functional groups with low abundance, such as Methylophilaceae and Nitrospira. Co-occurrence networks further revealed that the correlations of bacteria-bacteria could be more critical than those between environment and bacteria in structuring microbial communities, and would be a crucial driving factor of BCC in Lake Taihu.</p

    Study sites for investigating community compensatory trend (CCT). Locations supporting CCT:

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    <p>A) Davies Creek (DC), Australia <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Connell3" target="_blank">[10]</a>. B) Lamington National Park (LNP), Australia <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Connell3" target="_blank">[10]</a>. C) Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Webb1" target="_blank">[4]</a>. D) Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Comita1" target="_blank">[5]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Charles1" target="_blank">[12]</a>. E) Yasuni National Park, Ecuador <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Queenborough1" target="_blank">[13]</a>. F) Gutianshan (GTS), China <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Chen1" target="_blank">[14]</a>. <b>Locations not supporting CCT:</b> D) Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Comita2" target="_blank">[15]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Comita3" target="_blank">[17]</a>. E) Yasuni National Park, Ecuador <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-Margaret1" target="_blank">[16]</a>. G) Pasoh Reserve, Negeri Sembilan<b>,</b> Malaysia <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038621#pone.0038621-He1" target="_blank">[6]</a>. <b>Locations of our research:</b> H) Bawangling National Nature Reserve, China (‘Tropical’). I) Heishiding Nature Reserve, China (‘Subtropical’). J) Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve, China (‘Temperate’).</p

    Relationships between seedling, sapling, poles abundance and adult abundance in three forest communities.

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    <p>The upper of 95% CI of <i>b</i> <1 indicates a significantly negative relationships. P<0.05 represents a signification relation. SD for ‘Seedling’, SP for ‘Sapling’, PO for ‘Pole’, TR for ‘Tropical’, STR for ‘Subtropical’, TE for ‘Temperate’, N for ‘Species number’.</p

    Relationship between the relative abundance ratio and species adult abundance in ‘Tropical’, ‘Subtropical’ and ‘Temperate’ study sites.

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    <p>Data have been log transformed. Species adult abundance was measured as adult basal area. The slope of the regression line significantly less than zero indicates relative abundance ratio declining with increasing adult abundance. Each dot represents one species.</p

    K<sub>V</sub>7/KCNQ channel current (I<sub>K(Q)</sub>) in OPCs of rat primary cultures.

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    <p>(A) I<sub>K(Q)</sub> was measured with whole cell patch clamp recording from OPCs. Left insert: Standard I<sub>M</sub> deactivation voltage protocol used to measure I<sub>K(Q)</sub>. Hyperpolarizing voltage steps were given from a holding potential of −20 to −60 mV (in 10 mV decrements). Currents recorded are shown below; the dashed line represents the zero current level. Right: Current recorded in response to the voltage step to −40 mV. I<sub>K(Q)</sub> was measured as the inward relaxation current caused by deactivation of I<sub>K(Q)</sub> during the voltage step; i.e., the difference between the instantaneous current at the beginning and the steady-state current at the end of the voltage step (arrows). (B) Current–voltage relationship for I<sub>K(Q)</sub> (mean data from 17 OPCs) showing that I<sub>K(Q)</sub> amplitude was voltage dependent and was largest at −40 mV. (C) I<sub>K(Q)</sub> deactivation time constants were directly related to voltage (mean data from 17 OPCs). Correlation coefficient r = 0.93.</p

    Relationships between relative abundance ratio and adult abundance of three growth forms at different life stages in three forests.

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    <p>The upper of 95% CI of slope <0 indicates a significantly negative relationships. P<0.05 represents a signification relation. In our temperate study site there were only midstory and canopy growth form. U for ‘Understory’, M for ‘Midstory’, C for ‘canopy’, Total for all growth form, SD for ‘Seedling’, SP for ‘Sapling’, PO for ‘Pole’, TR for ‘Tropical’, STR for ‘Subtropical’, TE for ‘Temperate’, N for ‘Species number’.</p

    Relationship between the tree abundance at three life stages and adult abundance in three latitude communities.

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    <p>Note both axes are log transformed. The slope of the regression line is significantly less than one, indicating that per tree number of adult at each life stage declines with increasing adult abundance. Each dot represents one species.</p
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