52 research outputs found
Carbon emissions tax policy of urban road traffic and its application in Panjin, China
<div><p>How to effectively solve traffic congestion and transportation pollution in urban development is a main research emphasis for transportation management agencies. A carbon emissions tax can affect travelers’ generalized costs and will lead to changes in passenger demand, mode choice and traffic flow equilibrium in road networks, which are of significance in green travel and low-carbon transportation management. This paper first established a mesoscopic model to calculate the carbon emissions tax and determined the value of this charge in China, which was based on road traffic flow, vehicle speed, and carbon emissions. Referring to existing research results to calibrate the value of time, this paper modified the traveler’s generalized cost function, including the carbon emissions tax, fuel surcharge and travel time cost, which can be used in the travel impedance model with the consideration of the carbon emissions tax. Then, a method for analyzing urban road network traffic flow distribution was put forward, and a joint traffic distribution model was established, which considered the relationship between private cars and taxis. Finally, this paper took the city of Panjin as an example to analyze the road traffic carbon emissions tax’s impact. The results illustrated that the carbon emissions tax has a positive effect on road network flow equilibrium and carbon emission reduction. This paper will have good reference value and practical significance for the calculation and implementation of urban traffic carbon emissions taxes in China.</p></div
The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of passenger cars.
<p>The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of passenger cars.</p
Vehicle population of Panjin from 2005 to 2011 <sup>*</sup> (vehicle).
<p>Vehicle population of Panjin from 2005 to 2011 <sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196762#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a></sup> (vehicle).</p
Vehicle fuel consumption in Panjin from 2005 to 2011 <sup>*</sup> (thousands of tons).
<p>Vehicle fuel consumption in Panjin from 2005 to 2011 <sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196762#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a></sup> (thousands of tons).</p
Carbon emission prices in different years.
<p>Carbon emission prices in different years.</p
Carbon emission in the road network (kg/h).
<p>Carbon emission in the road network (kg/h).</p
The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of buses.
<p>The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of buses.</p
Statistics for the Trial Type × ΔSA interaction in a linear mixed model on reaction time.
Statistics for the Trial Type × ΔSA interaction in a linear mixed model on reaction time.</p
S1 File -
Fearful facial expressions are nonverbal and biologically salient signals of potential threat that automatically hold, capture, and direct observers’ attention. They are characterized by enlarged eye whites and dilated pupils, and fearful eyes alone are sufficient to capture attention. The morphological properties of the eye region, such as sclera exposure, are thought to play an important role in nonverbal communication. Specifically, increased sclera exposure associated with fearful expressions has been shown to moderate how observers’ shift their attention toward the direction of another’s gaze. Yet, the extent to which variability in sclera exposure possibly impacts the capture and hold of attention by fearful faces is untested. To address this, a sample of 249 adults completed a dot-probe task of selective attention with fearful and neutral faces. The results suggested that (1) fearful faces were prioritized over neutral faces (i.e., they captured and held attention), (2) greater sclera exposure at target locations facilitated reaction times, and (3) attention was held by greater sclera exposure of fearful faces at task irrelevant locations resulting in delayed disengagement. Collectively, the results indicate that fearful facial expressions and sclera exposure modulate spatial attention through independent and interactive mechanisms. Sclera exposure appears to be an important facilitator of nonverbal communication and perhaps represents an understudied variable in social cognition more broadly.</div
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