Altered energy partitioning across terrestrial ecosystems in the European drought year 2018

Drought and heat events, such as the 2018 European drought, interact with the exchange of energy between the land surface and the atmosphere, potentially affecting albedo, sensible and latent heat fluxes, as well as CO(2)exchange. Each of these quantities may aggravate or mitigate the drought, heat, their side effects on productivity, water scarcity and global warming. We used measurements of 56 eddy covariance sites across Europe to examine the response of fluxes to extreme drought prevailing most of the year 2018 and how the response differed across various ecosystem types (forests, grasslands, croplands and peatlands). Each component of the surface radiation and energy balance observed in 2018 was compared to available data per site during a reference period 2004-2017. Based on anomalies in precipitation and reference evapotranspiration, we classified 46 sites as drought affected. These received on average 9% more solar radiation and released 32% more sensible heat to the atmosphere compared to the mean of the reference period. In general, drought decreased net CO(2)uptake by 17.8%, but did not significantly change net evapotranspiration. The response of these fluxes differed characteristically between ecosystems; in particular, the general increase in the evaporative index was strongest in peatlands and weakest in croplands. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.Peer reviewe

Composants optoélectroniques organiques (études des effets de l'assistance ionique sur le dépôt de la cathode)

Depuis une dizaine d années, le marché des composants optoélectroniques organiques s est beaucoup développé. Un effort particulier est fait sur l augmentation de la durée de vie qui est un facteur limitant pour la commercialisation de ces composants. Cette limitation est notamment due à l intrusion d impuretés dans les matériaux organiques à partir des électrodes. Afin de limiter ce phénomène, nous avons mené des études sur la conception de dispositifs organiques utilisant une cathode déposée avec l assistance d un faisceau d ions. Ces études (spectroscopie AFM, Rayons X, simulation) ont montré que l assistance ionique conduit à une topographie de la surface de la cathode beaucoup plus douce avec une microstructure plus dense. Les études comparatives de vieillissement (I(V), L(V), L(t)) ont également montré que l assistance ionique améliore les performances et la durée de vie des dispositifs par rapport à celles des structures non assistées. En complément de ces travaux, nous avons réalisé une optimisation de la structure multicouche utilisée afin d améliorer la stabilité des OLEDs.Over the past years, the organic optoelectronic component market has developed significantly. A particular effort is made on increasing the lifetime which is a limiting factor for these components. This limitation is mainly due to the intrusion of impurities in the electroluminescent material from electrodes. To limit the arrival of these impurities, we have made studies on the design of organic devices using a cathode obtained by ion beam assisted deposition. These studies (AFM spectroscopy, X-rays, simulation) have shown that ion assistance led to topography of the cathode surface much softer with a denser microstructure. Comparative studies of device aging (I(V), L(V), L(t) ) have also shown that ion assistance improves significantly the performance and the lifetime of the device in relation to the unassisted device. Preceding this work, we achieved an optimization of the used multilayer structure to improve the stability of OLEDs.LIMOGES-BU Sciences (870852109) / SudocSudocFranceF

Aortite de Horton (à propos d'un cas)

LIMOGES-BU Médecine pharmacie (870852108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Euthanasie, fin de vie, vers une éthique de la discussion (élaboration d'un questionnaire sur la relation des soignants avec l'éthique en fin de vie et l'euthanasie)

LIMOGES-BU Médecine pharmacie (870852108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

La sociopolitique des sciences

La couv. porte en outre: Planification sectorielle de l'enseignement supérieurVol.1 Le journalisme scientifique / Pierre Sormany -- v.2 L'environnement / Édouard Pagé -- v.3 La sociopolitique des sciences / Camille Limoges -- v.4 La documentation scientifique / Bernard Descamps -- v.5 La traduction scientifique / Jacques Lethuillie