Additional file 3: Figure S3. of Serotonin 5-HT6 receptors affect cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by regulating cilia function

Showing the effect of 5-HT6 on cilia length in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. (A) 5-HT6 regulated cilia length in excitatory neurons. 5-HT6 indicated cilia. CamkII was the marker of excitatory neuron. (B) Overexpression of 5-HT6 increased cilia length. siRNA of 5-HT6 reduced cilia length. 5-HT6, ***p < 0.001; 5-HT6 siRNA, *p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.001). (C) 5-HT6 regulated cilia length in inhibitory neurons. Gad was the maker of inhibitory neuron. 5-HT6 indicated cilia. (D) Cilia length increased by overexpression of 5-HT6 and decreased by siRNA of 5-HT6. 5-HT6, ***p < 0.001; 5-HT6 siRNA, *p < 0.05 (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.001). Scale bars, 10 μm. All data presented as mean ± SEM. (DOC 4724 kb

Other measurements at 10 m from station Sioux Falls (2015-05)

Showing 5-HT6 mutations influenced the distance between the AIS and cell body in hippocampal neurons. Mutations D72A and K265A restored the distance between the AIS and cell body. 5-HT6-EGFP (green) indicated primary cilia. NF186 (purple) was a marker of the AIS. Scale bars, 10 μm. (DOC 6784 kb

Additional file 7: Figure S7. of Serotonin 5-HT6 receptors affect cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by regulating cilia function

Showing 5-HT6 mutations influenced the distance between the AIS and cell body in hippocampal neurons. Mutations D72A and K265A restored the distance between the AIS and cell body. 5-HT6-EGFP (green) indicated primary cilia. NF186 (purple) was a marker of the AIS. Scale bars, 10 μm. (DOC 6784 kb

Five new species of the giant pill-millipedes of the genera <i>Zephronia</i> and <i>Sphaerobelum</i>, from China (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Zephroniidae)

Five new species of giant pill-millipedes in the family Zephroniidae are described and illustrated from China: Zephronia medogensis Zhao & Liu n. sp., Z. zhouae Zhao & Liu n. sp., Z. hui Liu & Wesener n. sp., Sphaerobelum benqii Liu & Wesener n. sp. and S. tujiaphilum Zhao & Liu n. sp. COI sequences of these five new species are given and deposited in GenBank. Additionally, a study of the genetic distance and a molecular maximum likelihood analysis were conducted based on DNA barcoding data of most SE Asian Sphaerotheriida species.</p

Direct Biological Sample Analyses by Laserspray Ionization Miniature Mass Spectrometry

With improved performances, miniature mass spectrometers are becoming suitable for more practical applications. At the same time, the coupling of an approximate ionization source is essential in terms of minimizing sample preparation and broadening the range of samples that could be analyzed. In this study, an atmospheric pressure laserspray ionization (AP-LSI) source was coupled with our home developed miniature ion trap mass spectrometer. The whole system is compact in size, and biological samples could be directly analyzed with minimum sample preparation. Direct detections of peptides, proteins, drugs in whole blood, and urine could be achieved with high sensitivity. The analyses of tissue sections were demonstrated, and different regions in a tissue section could be differentiated based on their lipid profiles. Results suggest that the coupling of AP-LSI with miniature mass spectrometer is a powerful technique, which could potentially benefit target molecule analysis in biological and medical applications

A novel <i>Meloidogyne graminicola</i> effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism

<div><p>Plant pathogen effectors can recruit the host post-translational machinery to mediate their post-translational modification (PTM) and regulate their activity to facilitate parasitism, but few studies have focused on this phenomenon in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we show that the plant-parasitic nematode <i>Meloidogyne graminicola</i> has evolved a novel effector, MgGPP, that is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of <i>M</i>. <i>graminicola</i>. The effector MgGPP plays a role in nematode parasitism. Transgenic rice lines expressing MgGPP become significantly more susceptible to <i>M</i>. <i>graminicola</i> infection than wild-type control plants, and conversely, <i>in planta</i>, the silencing of MgGPP through RNAi technology substantially increases the resistance of rice to <i>M</i>. <i>graminicola</i>. Significantly, we show that MgGPP is secreted into host plants and targeted to the ER, where the <i>N</i>-glycosylation and C-terminal proteolysis of MgGPP occur. C-terminal proteolysis promotes MgGPP to leave the ER, after which it is transported to the nucleus. In addition, <i>N</i>-glycosylation of MgGPP is required for suppressing the host response. The research data provide an intriguing example of <i>in planta</i> glycosylation in concert with proteolysis of a pathogen effector, which depict a novel mechanism by which parasitic nematodes could subjugate plant immunity and promote parasitism and may present a promising target for developing new strategies against nematode infections.</p></div

Formation Mechanism of Crystalline Phase during Corrosion of Aluminum Phosphate Glasses

The formation mechanism of crystalline phases within the corrosion layer of glasses has attracted considerable attention, but research on the microscopic chemical process of their formation has rarely been studied. This study focuses on investigating potassium aluminum phosphate glass with a nominal molar composition of 41.6K2O–16.7Al2O3–41.7P2O5. Liquid- and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are employed to investigate the evolution of the aluminum species and phosphorus units of the corroded glasses, leachates, and sediments derived from immersing the glass for various durations. Our findings provide compelling evidence that the formation of the crystalline phases during the phosphate glass immersion process is a result of leached glass elements saturating in the solution and subsequently precipitation onto the glass surface. Furthermore, we have identified two distinct dissolution modes in this process, which include the overall dissolution of large molecular units presented in the initial stage and the continuous dissolution of small molecular units that persists throughout the entire corrosion process. The coexistence of these two dissolution modes leads to the formation of crystalline phases on the glass surface even before both the glass and the solution have fully reached dissolution saturation. This study sheds light on the glass corrosion mechanism at the molecular level, providing new insight into comprehending the corrosion process of glass