Giant, Linearly Increasing Spin–Orbit Torque Efficiency in Symmetry-Broken Spin–Orbit Torque Superlattices

Magnetic heterostructures with high spin–orbit torque efficiency and low impedance have great promise for low-power spintronic technologies. We report a symmetry-broken spin–orbit superlattice [Pt0.75Cu0.25/Co/Ta]n, in which the dampinglike spin–orbit torque efficiency accumulates linearly with the repeat number n and achieves a giant value of >200% when n = 16, which is 100 times stronger than that of a conventional magnetic heterostructure with a clean Pt (e.g., 2% at a resistivity of 7 μΩ cm). The giant spin–orbit torque effect arises predominantly from the spin Hall effect of Pt0.75Cu0.25. The anomalous Nernst effect increases remarkably as the repeat number n increases, implying a critical need to include the thermal effect in the analysis of magnetic superlattices and multilayers. The giant spin–orbit torque, low resistivity, and strong anomalous Nernst effect suggest the great potential of the superlattice [Pt0.75Cu0.25/Co/Ta]n for low-power memory and logic technologies as well as high-performance thermoelectric battery and sensor applications

Short-term efficacy and tolerability of venlafaxine extended release in adults with generalized anxiety disorder without depression: A meta-analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Although efficacy of venlafaxine extended release (XR) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been reported in previous analyses in 2002 and 2004, the sample size was rather small and estimate of safety or tolerability was not clear. The present analysis had the advantage of large sample size and provided evidence for tolerability.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Literature databases were searched, including Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of science and clinical trials. 10 eligible articles were finally selected and data was extracted and logged into the Review Manager 5.3 by two independent authors. The risk of bias was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias Tool and the stability of the results was assessed by sensitivity analysis. The publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Egger’s/Begg’s test using Stata Version 12.0 software.</p><p>Results</p><p>In the current meta-analysis, 10 articles (14 studies) satisfying the inclusion criteria were analyzed. As efficacy outcomes, our findings indicated venlafaxine XR was significantly more effective than placebo according to mean change of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety total scores [mean difference = 3.31, 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.44–5.18, P = 0.0005], response [odds ratio(OR) = 1.83, 95%CI 1.58–2.12, P<0.00001], and remission (OR = 2.55, 95%CI 1.36–4.78, P = 0.003). In terms of tolerability, the most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events were nausea, dry mouth, dizziness, insomnia, somnolence, and headache. In addition, discontinuation due to all-cause (OR = 1.17, 95%CI 0.92–1.49, P = 0.19) was not significantly different between the two groups, whereas discontinuation due to adverse events was statistically higher in the venlafaxine XR group compared with the placebo treatment (OR = 2.80, 95%CI 2.21–3.54, P<0.00001) and discontinuation due to inefficacy was lower in venlafaxine than placebo treatment (OR = 0.26, 95%CI 0.17–0.40, P<0.00001). There was no significant publication bias and sensitivity analysis showed that our analysis exhibited high stability.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We concluded that venlafaxine XR (75–225 mg/day) is an effective and well-tolerated pharmacological treatment option for adult patients with GAD.</p></div

Characteristics of multicentres, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies included in the meta-analysis.

<p>Characteristics of multicentres, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies included in the meta-analysis.</p

Forest plots of primary and secondary efficacy outcomes.

<p>SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.</p

Forest plots of discontinuation due to any reason, AEs, and lack of efficacy.

<p>AEs, adverse effects; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel.</p

Funnel plot of publication bias.

<p>Funnel plot of publication bias.</p

A risk of bias gragh, B risk of bias summary(“+”low risk;“?”, unclear risk;“-”,high risk).

<p>A risk of bias gragh, B risk of bias summary(“+”low risk;“?”, unclear risk;“-”,high risk).</p

Synthesis of Organically–Inorganically Functionalized MCM-41 for Adsorptive Desulfurization of C₄ Hydrocarbons

A series of organically–inorganically functionalized MCM-41 compounds have been prepared with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) as the organic component and CuO and/or Cu­(NO₃)₂ as the inorganic component. The textural properties of functionalized MCM-41 were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that the hexagonally ordered structure of MCM-41 remained intact after functionalization. The presence of grafted organosilanes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CP-MAS NMR), and ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance (²⁹Si MAS NMR). All adsorbents showed similar desulfurization performances for different sulfur compounds in the order <i>tert</i>-butyl mercaptan (TBM) > dimethyl sulfide (DMS) > dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), which is due to the poor reactivities and polarities of DMS and DMDS. MCM-41-NH₂-Cu functionalized with Cu²⁺ as the active sites is the most efficient adsorbent for the removal of TBM. The desulfurization mechanism was discussed based on the experimental results and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. The results show that CuO plays a more dominant role than Cu²⁺ for the removal of DMS and DMDS

Additional file 1 of Effect of an increase in Lp(a) following statin therapy on cardiovascular prognosis in secondary prevention population of coronary artery disease

Additional file 1: Table S1. Statins used in study subjects. Table S2. Endpoint events for study subjects. Table S3. Univariate COX analysis of risk factors for MACE

Forest plots of HADS anxiety subscale score.

<p>(A) Baseline. (B) Mean change with treatment.</p