Mean duration of the infectious period (days) at different minimum temperature and daily survival probability.

Mean duration of the infectious period (days) at different minimum temperature and daily survival probability.</p

Spearman correlation coefficients between the number of dengue fever cases and meteorological factors, and among the meteorological factors when the minimum temperature was≥18°C.

Spearman correlation coefficients between the number of dengue fever cases and meteorological factors, and among the meteorological factors when the minimum temperature was≥18°C.</p

Model construction for dengue fever cases and meteorological factors.

(a) Results of model fitting for a total of 477 weeks from 2008 to 2016. The green curve indicates logit fitting. (b) Results of model prediction for the first 41 weeks of 2017. The green curve indicates the predicted dengue cases.</p

Main effects and interactive effects of meteorological factors on dengue fever from the MANOVA.

Main effects and interactive effects of meteorological factors on dengue fever from the MANOVA.</p

Minimum temperature range and cumulative number of cases.

The blue solid line indicates the trends in dengue at 2°C intervals of minimum temperature from 8–26°C. The dotted blue line represents the moving average curve.</p

Number of COVID-19 cases under different response lags and testing intervals of population-level testing (<i>R</i>₀ = 10).

Predicted number of COVID-19 cases across 366 cities in China under different testing intervals and response lags. The grey dot represents the median and the grey error bar represents the 95% CI based on the 100 simulations. The reduction of social distancing on transmission rate is set to 18% by considering the effect of only mask wearing against SARS-CoV-2 infection [8]. The vaccine coverage is set to 89% (consistent with 86% vaccine coverage in the ≥60 age group by August of 2022 in China) and the effectiveness of China’s inactivated vaccine (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) against infection was set to be 40% for Omicron [9]. (DOCX)</p

The outbreaks controlled by public health measures in China.

The outbreaks controlled by public health measures in China.</p

COVID-19 burden for Omicron-like variant (<i>R</i>₀ = 10) under the control strategy in China for pessimistic scenario.

(A) Daily required hospital beds for different age groups. (B) Daily required ICU beds for different age groups. The control strategy was employed with a testing interval of 3 days and a response lag of 3 weeks (the effective reproduction number Re Fig 2A. A strategy with a testing interval of 4 days and a response lag of 3 weeks would lead to the endemic of COVID-19 as shown in the grey dashed line with Re ≈ 1. The red dashed line represents the total available hospital beds or ICU beds in China. The grey solid line represents the peak number of required hospital beds or ICU beds during the pandemic without testing (Re > 1). The grey error bar or shadow represents the 95% CI for 100 simulations. The vaccine coverage for all age groups was set to be 89%, consistent with 86% vaccine coverage in the ≥60 age group by August of 2022 in China. The effectiveness of China’s inactivated vaccine (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) against hospitalization and ICU admission were set to be 62.6% considering an pessimistic scenario [10,11]. (DOCX)</p

Evolution of the public health measures in China and successfully controlled COVID-19 outbreaks.

(A) Key changes in the control strategy in China. Initial population-level testing is highlighted with a yellow star, and the first imported case of each variant of concern is in bold. (B) Successfully controlled COVID-19 outbreaks, stratified according to the SARS-CoV-2 variant causing each outbreak. From the first outbreak of B.1.1 in January 2021, multiple rounds of population-level testing were introduced. Red error bars correspond to measures of epidemic duration (i.e., time interval from the first to the last reported case in each outbreak). Blue error bars correspond to the response lag (i.e., time interval from the first reported case to the start of population-level testing at city level in each outbreak). The basic reproduction number (R0) for Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.1, B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) was set to be 3.2, 4.6, 5.2 and 10, respectively, according to previous studies [31,79–81]. (C) Illustration of population-level testing and contact tracing employed in China. The testing interval is the time to finishing one round of population-level testing.</p

The significance of reduction in epidemic duration and rounds of testing by shorter testing interval from the <i>t</i>-test.

The significance of reduction in epidemic duration and rounds of testing by shorter testing interval from the t-test.</p