Effect of Garlic Juice on Quality Changes of Oyster (Crassostrea Belcheri) Meat During Chilled Storage

Surat-thani oyster, a big and thin-shell bivalve mollusks, has been registered as Geographical Indicators, GI, as its good taste and delicacy as well as nutritious. Eaten style is raw then there is high risk to face with some disease as oyster is filter feeder. Physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities after the oyster meat treated with the garlic juice at 0, 2 and 3 ml, respectively were monitored. Though initial pH of the control, untreated with garlic juice, was higher compared with the sample treated with 3 ml garlic juice, pH of it (control) was significantly lower (p5) at the end of the storag

DataSheet1_Comparative Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genome of Galatheanthemum sp. MT-2020 (Actiniaria Galatheanthemidae) From a Depth of 9,462 m at the Mariana Trench.docx

The hadal zone, which represents the deepest marine habitat on Earth (6,000–11,000 m), is a harsh environment mainly characterized by extremely high hydrostatic pressure, and this habitat is believed to have a high degree of endemism. The deep-sea anemone family Galatheanthemidae comprises two valid species exclusively from the hadal; however, no other information about this family is currently available. In the present study, a sea anemone was collected from a depth of 9,462 m at the Mariana Trench and was defined as Galatheanthemum sp. MT-2020 (Actiniaria Galatheanthemidae). The mitochondrial genome of Galatheanthemum sp. MT-2020 was circular, was 16,633 bp in length, and contained two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and two transfer RNA genes. The order of the genes of Galatheanthemum sp. MT-2020 was identical to that of the majority of the species of the order Actiniaria. The value of the AT-skew was the lowest in the whole mitochondrial genome, with a positive GC skew value for the atp8 gene, while other species, except Antholoba achates, had the negative values of the GC skew. Galatheanthemum sp. MT-2020 was clustered with another abyssal species, Paraphelliactis xishaensis, in the phylogenetic tree, and these species diverged in the early Jurassic approximately 200 Mya from the shallow-sea species. The usage ratio of valine, which is one of the five amino acids with the strongest barophilic properties, in the mitochondrial genomes of the two abyssal species was significantly higher than that in other species with habitats above the depth of 3,000 m. The ω (dN/dS) ratio of the genomes was 2.45-fold higher than that of the shallow-sea species, indicating a slower evolutionary rate. Overall, the present study is the first to provide a complete mitogenome of sea anemones from the hadal and reveal some characteristics that may be associated with adaptation to an extreme environment.</p

Bamcp20k-2 was enriched in the basal plate.

<p>(A) An adult barnacle was divided into two portions: the soft tissue and the shell with base. These two portions were extracted in urea buffer. Equal proportions from each fraction were collected for Western blot against Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2. (B) Equal amounts of extract (60 µg) from shell and base were collected and blotted with the antibodies against Bamcp20k-1 and cp20k-2. Fr: fraction.</p

Life cycle of <i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i>.

<p>The life cycle of barnacle is composed of two distinct phases: planktonic phase and sessile phase. The planktonic phase includes six feeding nauplius stages and one non-feeding cyprid stage; the sessile phase includes a juvenile and adult stages. Scale bar: 100 µm.</p

Adult Bamcp20k-2 was insoluble in PBS.

<p>(A) PBS and urea soluble fractions were prepared from cyprids and adults. Cyprids or adults were extracted in PBS. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and the pellet was washed with the same buffer. The supernatant from each centrifugation was collected and labeled as fr1. The pellet from the final centrifugation was sequentially extracted in urea buffer. After a series of successive centrifugations mentioned above, the supernatant were collected and labeled as fr2. Fr: fraction; sup: supernatant; pelt: pellet. (B) Equal proportions from each fraction were collected for Western blot with the antibodies against Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2. Fr: fraction.</p

Solubility of adult Bamcp20k-2 was dependent on DTT concentration.

<p>(A) and (B) Adult barnacles were homogenized in PBS or urea buffer with different concentration of DTT, as mentioned in the methods section. Equal proportions from each fraction were collected for Western blot against Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2. Fr: fraction.</p

Phylogenetic tree analysis of cp20k.

<p>The full-length of the amino acid sequences were used in an alignment for phylogenetic tree calculations. The numbers indicate the occurrences of a branch point over 500 replications. The scale bar indicates the phylogenetic distances. Pf-MAPK1 was used as an out group protein.</p

Alignment of the homologues of cp20k.

<p><i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> cp20k-1 (Bamcp20k-1, JX826508) and cp20k-2 (Bamcp20k-2, JX826509) together with <i>Fistulobalanus albicostatus</i> cp20k (Balcp20k, BAF96022.1) and <i>Megabalanus rosa</i> cp20k (Mr cp20k, BAB18762.1) were aligned with CLUSTAL W software. Repeated Cys residues were highlighted in yellow. The motif of Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys was indicated by asterisk. Xaa: any residue.</p

Mass and PI of the homologues of cp20k from three barnacle species.

<p>Mass and PI of the four homologues were shown from <i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> cp20k-1 (Bamcp20k-1, JX826508), cp20k-2 (Bamcp20k-2, JX826509), <i>Fistulobalanus albicostatus</i> cp20k (Balcp20k, BAF96022.1) and <i>Megabalanus rosa</i> cp20k (Mrcp20k, BAB18762.1).</p

Amino acid composition of the cp20k homologues from three species.

<p>Amino acid composition of the homologues of cp20k was analyzed from <i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> cp20k-1 (Bamcp20k-1, JX826508), cp20k-2 (Bamcp20k-2, JX826509), <i>Fistulobalanus albicostatus</i> cp20k (Balcp20k, BAF96022.1), and <i>Megabalanus rosa</i> cp20k (Mrcp20k, BAB18762.1). The percentage of each amino acid is shown in the table. AA: amino acid; Per: percentage.</p