Green Evidence for Energy Security Transformation in China: Re- conceptualization of Energy Security and Its Implication to China’s Renewable Energy Policy Change

China has grown to a global large energy consumer since 1993, and surpassed the U.S. to become the top energy consumption country in 2010. Energy security is indispensable to the rapid and sustained development of China’s economy. Different from the realist geopolitics and liberalist analyzing approach, the author constructs a dynamic constructivist theoretical framework of energy security and tends to explore the unique re‐conceptualization trajectory of Chinese energy security: from self‐sufficiency security with emphasis on the internal supply (first stage) to “go abroad” supply‐oriented energy security highlighting the external expansion of sufficient energy at reasonable price (second stage), then to comprehensive energy security concept focusing on international cooperation, energy diversification, energy conservation and low‐carbon economy(third stage). Especially the transition from “decreasing energy intensity” to “reducing the carbon intensity” in the third stage has shown the conceptual shifting from the static energy security to dynamic resilience energy security. Based on the discourse and institutional analysis, the author further illustrates the profound constraints of climate change scenario to energy security in China as well as their interacting relations. Finally the author points out that the green evidence for energy security concept transformation has exerted significant impact on renewable energy policy‐making, which opening “the window of opportunity” for rapid renewable energy development in China

Error bound of the multilevel adaptive cross approximation (MLACA)

An error bound of the multilevel adaptive cross approximation (MLACA 1, which is a multilevel version of the adaptive cross approximation-singular value decomposition (ACA-SVD), is rigorously derived. For compressing an off-diagonal submatrix of the method of moments MAD impedance matrix with a binary tree, the L-level MIACA includes L + 1 steps, and each step includes 2(L) ACA-SVD decompositions. If the relative Frobenius norm error of the ACA-SVD used in the MLACA is smaller than epsilon, the rigorous proof in this communication shows that the relative Frobenius norm error of the L-Ievel MLACA is smaller than (1 + epsilon)(L+1) - 1. In practical applications, the error bound of the MLACA can be approximated as epsilon(L + 1), because epsilon is always << 1. The error upper bound can he used to control the accuracy of the MLACA. To ensure an error of the L-level MLACA smaller than epsilon for different L, the ACA-SVD threshold can be set to (1 + epsilon)1/L+1 - 1, which approximately equals epsilon/(L + 1) for practical applications.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Device-to-Device Communications Enabled Energy Efficient Multicast Scheduling in mmWave Small Cells

To keep pace with the rapid growth of mobile traffic demands, dense deployment of small cells in millimeter wave (mmWave) bands has become a promising candidate for next generation wireless communication systems. With a greatly increased data rate from huge bandwidth of mmWave communications, energy consumption should be mitigated for higher energy efficiency. Due to content popularity, many content-based mobile applications can be supported by the multicast service. mmWave communications exploit directional antennas to overcome high path loss, and concurrent transmissions can be enabled for better multicast service. On the other hand, device-to-device (D2D) communications in physical proximity should be exploited to improve multicast performance. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multicast scheduling scheme, referred to as EMS, which utilizes both D2D communications and concurrent transmissions to achieve high energy efficiency. In EMS, a D2D path planning algorithm establishes multi-hop D2D transmission paths, and a concurrent scheduling algorithm allocates the links on the D2D paths into different pairings. Then the transmission power of links is adjusted by the power control algorithm. Furthermore, we theoretically analyze the roles of D2D communications and concurrent transmissions in reducing energy consumption. Extensive simulations under various system parameters demonstrate the superior performance of EMS in terms of energy consumption compared with the state-of-the-art schemes. Furthermore, we also investigate the choice of the interference threshold to optimize network performance.Comment: 17 pages, 15 figure

Relationship Lending in Syndicated Loans: a Participant’s Perspective

I explore the role of participants’ relationships with borrowers and lead arrangers in syndicated lending. I predict and find that these relationships mitigate the information asymmetry problems faced by participants with both borrowers and lead arrangers, and allow participants to take a larger share in the loan. In particular, participants with a borrower relationship take, on average, a 10% larger share of the loan, with the effect being more pronounced when the borrower is informationally opaque or less conservative in its accounting. Similarly, participants with a lead arranger relationship take, on average, a 9% larger share of the loan, with the effect being more pronounced: (i) when the borrower has engaged in accounting irregularities or covenant violations in the past, (ii) when the lead arranger is a repeat lender or a large lender, and (iii) when participants have limited information acquisition capacity. Furthermore, loans with a larger total share taken by participants with a borrower or lead arranger relationship are associated with a smaller lead arranger share, less concentrated loan syndicate structure, a lower loan spread, and a lower upfront fee, consistent with these relationships mitigating information asymmetry. Overall, my study sheds light on how participant-level relationship lending shapes debt contracting