Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Background Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. Results Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Conclusions Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.Peer reviewe

The Existential Demand of the Mass

This article examines mass theory and mass dynamics from an existentialpsychological perspective. Through an existential reading of the paradigm ofmass psychology, the article seeks to uncover new perspectives on contemporaryexistential challenges. It is stated that mass affects the individual.Therefore, the article seeks to understand the individual’s possibilities forchoosing authentically in the mass, read through an existential psychologicalperspective. The article states that there must be an intermediate existentialin the encounter with the masses, which influences the individual in the directionof either authenticity or self-deception. At the same time, this intermediateexistential opens up the potential for an existentially robust choice.The article lays out compromising dynamics for the subjectivity of the individual,as well as providing an insight into a deeper understanding of thedynamics of the mass. Finally, the individual’s position and possibilities inthe mass are perceived.Denne artikel undersøger masseteori og massedynamikker i eteksistentielt psykologisk perspektiv. Gennem eksistentiel læsningaf paradigmet om massepsykologi søger artiklen at afdækkenye perspektiver på nutidige eksistentielle udfordringer.Det angives, at massen har en påvirkning på individet, og artiklensøger at forstå individets muligheder for at vælge autentiski massen læst gennem et eksistentielt psykologisk perspektiv.Artiklen peger på, at der må være et mellemværende eksistentialei mødet med massen, der påvirker individet i retningaf enten autenticitet eller selvbedrag. Samtidig åbner dettemellemværende eksistentiale op for potentialet om et eksistentieltrobust valg. Artiklen udlægger kompromitterende forandringerfor individets subjektivitet samt giver et indblik i dendybere forståelse af massens iboende udvikling, energi og bevægelseeller kort sagt massens dynamikker. Slutteligt anskuesindividets placering og muligheder som værende en del af massen,og det konkluderes, at der i massen er en mulighed for atrealisere de bevægelser, den enkelte kan have svært ved at opnåpå egen hånd. Men massen besidder samtidig også en risikofor, at den enkelte forføres til selvbedrag