Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.</p

PCA from FSS and BDI subscores.

PCA based on 30 clinical subscores (nine FSS and 21 BDI) for all participants. Left: The cumulative and individual explained variance of each PCA of the total variation in the clinical subscores. Right: A heatmap showing the first six PCA factors and their item loading on each component. Yellow and green boxes indicate association with high scores, while the blue boxes indicate association with low scores. The first PCA component (PCA1) captures common variance across BDI and FSS, while the second PCA component (PCA2) captures a pattern of covarying low FSS with high BDI scores.</p

Associations between clinical symptoms and DMN connectivity.

The correlation between adjusted DMN connectivity with the PCA components in A and B, and between adjusted DMN connectivity with FSS and BDI continuous scores in C and D. The grey tones for each subject represent clinical categories in C and D as described and shown in Table 1, and individual subject scores in A and B. (A) Increased PCA1 (high burden of both fatigue and depression) is positively correlated with DMN connectivity. (B) Decreased PCA2 (low burden of fatigue and high burden of depression) is negatively correlated with DMN connectivity. (C) Mean FSS correlated with DMN connectivity. (D) BDI sum scores correlated with DMN connectivity. Shown in E is the DMN component from the group independent component analysis (gICA). The component z-statistic map was thresholded at z>4. Depicted in three axial slices the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are masked out in red and yellow colours bilaterally.</p

Changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices of white matter microstructure after waking.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging in the morning [7:30AM; time point (TP)1] after a night of normal sleep in their own homes, after a day of waking (TP2), and then after another 9 hours of waking (TP3). (<b>B</b>) Significant increases in fractional anisotropy (FA) after a day of waking (red-yellow color; left panel). (<b>C</b>) Significant decreases in radial diffusivity (RD) after a day of waking (blue colors; left panel). (<b>D</b>) Significant decreases in mean diffusivity (MD) after a day of waking (blue colors; left panel).</p

Clusters with significant changes in DTI indices of white matter microstructure after a day of waking (TP1 compared with TP2).

<p>Clusters with significant changes in DTI indices of white matter microstructure after a day of waking (TP1 compared with TP2).</p

Clusters with significant changes in DTI indices of white matter microstructure after sleep deprivation (TP2 compared with TP3).

<p>Clusters with significant changes in DTI indices of white matter microstructure after sleep deprivation (TP2 compared with TP3).</p

Changes in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices of white matter microstructure after sleep deprivation and associations with sleepiness.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Significant decreases in fractional anisotropy (FA) after sleep deprivation (blue colors; left panel). (<b>B</b>) Significant decreases in axial diffusivity (AD) after sleep deprivation (blue colors; left panel). Averaged DTI values at time point (TP)2 and TP3 across significant voxels are shown for each participant using individual colors in the right panels of (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>). Values from the same participant are connected with a line. (<b>C</b>) No significant relationship was observed between the decrease in FA in the voxels shown in (<b>A</b>) and Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) score at TP3 (<i>R</i> = −0.33, <i>P</i> = 0.14). (<b>D</b>) Because the FA decreases in the significant voxels of (<b>A</b>) were mainly driven by AD reductions, we examined whether reductions in averaged AD within these clusters correlated with SSS score and found a significant negative association (<i>R</i> = −0.63, <i>P</i> = 0.002), indicating greater sleepiness in subjects with larger AD reductions after sleep deprivation. (<b>E</b>) No significant relationship was found between AD reductions across the voxels shown in (<b>B</b>) and SSS score (<i>R</i> = −0.26, <i>P</i> = 0.265). (<b>F,G</b>) Averaged AD across all voxels of the white matter skeleton decreased significantly from TP2 to TP3; this decrease was significantly correlated with sleepiness at TP3 (<i>R</i> = −0.65, <i>P</i> = 0.001). The left side of the brain images represents the right hemisphere.</p

Demographic data and clinical characterization of individuals participating in a faces matching functional MRI study.

<p>Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; HC, healthy controls; SD, standard deviation; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; IDS, Inventory of Depressive Symptoms; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; PANSS P score, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive subscale; GAF-S, Global Assessment of Functioning–symptom score; GAF-F, Global Assessment of Functioning–function score; BD PGRS, bipolar disorder polygenic risk score; ms, milliseconds.</p><p>BD PGRS values are reported as z-scores (with SD in brackets).</p><p>Complete behavioral data (response times and accuracy rates per condition) were available for 80/85 BD and 119/121 HC. For the remaining individuals (5 BD, 2 HC), an accuracy rate for each session (i.e. a combined rate for negative faces and shapes, and for positive faces and shapes) was available and was used to confirm that the participants paid attention to the task (accuracy rate: 97.4% and 96.0%, respectively).</p><p>^a Mean age at fMRI scanning. Age range was 18 to 63.</p><p>^b IDS score at scanning was available for 60/85 individuals (70.6%).</p><p>^c YMRS score at scanning was available for 69/85 individuals (81.2%).</p><p>^d PANSS P score at scanning was available for 38/85 individuals (44.7%).</p><p>^e Last six months</p><p>Demographic data and clinical characterization of individuals participating in a faces matching functional MRI study.</p

Bipolar disorder polygenic risk score is positively correlated with BOLD activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus in the entire sample (N = 206) including bipolar disorder cases and healthy controls for the Negative Faces > Shapes contrast.

<p>Color bar indicates z values. Coordinates are given in MNI space. Y = 18 (coronal view), Z = 12 (transversal view). Abbreviations: R, right; A, anterior.</p

Decreased brain activation in cuneus/precuneus in bipolar disorder cases (N = 85) compared to healthy controls (N = 121) for the Negative Faces > Shapes contrast.

<p>Color bar indicates z values. Coordinates are given in MNI space. X = 4 (sagittal view), Z = 22 (transversal view). Abbreviations: R, right; A, anterior.</p