273 research outputs found
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Sensory sensitivity as a link between concussive traumatic brain injury and PTSD.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common injuries to military personnel, a population often exposed to stressful stimuli and emotional trauma. Changes in sensory processing after TBI might contribute to TBI-post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comorbidity. Combining an animal model of TBI with an animal model of emotional trauma, we reveal an interaction between auditory sensitivity after TBI and fear conditioning where 75โdB white noise alone evokes a phonophobia-like phenotype and when paired with footshocks, fear is robustly enhanced. TBI reduced neuronal activity in the hippocampus but increased activity in the ipsilateral lateral amygdala (LA) when exposed to white noise. The white noise effect in LA was driven by increased activity in neurons projecting from ipsilateral auditory thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus). These data suggest that altered sensory processing within subcortical sensory-emotional circuitry after TBI results in neutral stimuli adopting aversive properties with a corresponding impact on facilitating trauma memories and may contribute to TBI-PTSD comorbidity
A Comparative Study on the Blue House National Petition System
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(ํ๊ตญํ์ ๊ณต), 2020. 8. ํ์ ํ.๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ํน์ง๊ณผ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋ํด ์ดํด๋ณด๊ฒ ๋ค. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ ๋ฌธ์ฌ์ธ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค์นํ ๋(ๅฐ)์ ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ด๋ค. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ ์ถ๋ฒ ํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ตญ๋ด ํ๊ณ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ๋นํ๋ ์ ์ง ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์์ฌ์ด ์ ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ตญ๋ด ํ๊ณ์ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ง ์์ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๊ฐ ํ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ด ํ์กด์ ๋น์ทํ ์ ์์ฒญ์/๋ฏผ์/๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์์ ๋ (๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ๊ตญํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋์์ฒญ์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋)์ ํด์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ(์๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ)์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋น๊ต, ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ฒ ๋ค.
Leston-Banderiad์ Tiburico๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์กด ํ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ์ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ ํตํด์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋, ๊ตญ๋ด, ์ธ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ํน์ง๊ณผ ์ ํจ์ฑ ๋์ถ์ ์๋ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ , ์ ๋์ ํ๋ ์์ํฌ ๋น๊ต์ ์ค์ ์ฒญ์์ ์ฌ๋ก ๋ถ์์ ํตํด์ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ์ฅ๋จ์ , ํน์ง, ์๋ฏธ, ์ ํจ์ฑ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ฒ ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ ์ ๊ตญํ์ ์ ํต์ ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ์ ์ค๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋์์ฒญ์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋นํด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ์ ๊ณ ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ ์ด ๋ฌธํฑ์ด ๋ฎ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋น์ทํ ๊ตญ๋ด์ ์ ๋์ ๋นํด ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฌ์ํต ์ฑ๋์ด๋ผ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ์ ํธํ๋ค. ๋์์, ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํจ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ฌ๋ก ๊ณผ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ์ ์น๊ด์ ๋ฐ์๋๋ค. ํนํ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ ์ฌํ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ค๋ก ํ์ฌ๊ธ์์ ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ํํ๊ณ ์ฌํ ์ด์๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ์ฒญ์์ ์ฌํ์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์์ํ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ์ ์น๊ถ์ ์ํฅ์ ์์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์น ์๋ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฝ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ ์น ์ ๋์ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ํต๋ น์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์ ๋ถ, ์
๋ฒ๋ถ, ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ถ ์ผ๊ถ์ด ๋ถ๋ฆฝ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ์ค ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ ํผํ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์์๋ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์๊ตญ์ ์์๋ด๊ฐ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ผ์ ์๊ตญ์ ๊ณต๋์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ํ์ ๋ถ์ ์
๋ฒ๋ถ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฒญ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ดค์ ๋ ์๊ตญ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ํ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ผ๊ถ๋ถ๋ฆฝ ์์น์ ์๊ฒฉํ๊ฒ ์ง์ผ์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ก ์, ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๊ตญ์ ์ ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ฏธ์ฝํ๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์ฌ ํ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ์ฝ์ ์ด ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ต์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ ํผํ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๋์ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์ํ ์๋ ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฒ๋ฅ , ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก๋ง ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์์์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ ๋ ๋ ํฌ๊ด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ฉํ ํ์๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.This paper explores the characteristics, meanings, and efficacy of the Blue House Electronic Petition (e-petition) System. The Blue House e-petition is a system constructed and currently running by the Moon Jae-in administration. This e-petition system has attracted many attentions from the public since launching. However, this system has also been occasionally criticised by scholars. So far, academia has devoted very little effort to study this highly popular petition system in Korea systematically. Thus, it is both important and meaningful to conduct research in the Blue House e-petition system.
By drawing on and combining existing evaluation frameworks suggested by Leston-Banderiad and Tiburcio, qualitative comparative research has been conducted on the Blue House e-petition system to evaluate the characteristics, meanings, and efficacies in multiple perspectives. A two-pronged approach has been chosen, in which the system has been compared with similar existing systems both domestically (the epeople.go.kr system, and the national assembly petition system) and internationally (the electronic petition system run by the United Kingdom Government and Parliament, and the We the People electronic petition system run by the White House of the United States). Through comparing the legal and structural frameworks of each e-petition systems and analysing actual petition examples, this paper has deduced the strong and weak points, and the characteristics, meanings and efficacy of the Blue House e-petition system.
This research concludes the reason why Koreans prefer the Blue House e-petition system is its lower barriers of entry and less complicated procedures; thus, the cost of petition is more economical than other domestic petition systems. Besides, the Blue House e-petition system establishes a direct channel of communication between the people and the heart of the government. Even though it might lack the necessary influence in legislation, the system is an excellent tool in terms of letting the public express their opinions. Given that the system has gathered a lot of public attention, social connections and discussions on particular issues may be started through petitioning and, occasionally, it may exert its impact not only on legislation but also on the society as a whole as this research has shown.
This research has also pointed out the systems two main weak points. First, intrinsically, the Republic of Korea, like the United States, has adopted the presidential system, in which the executive, legislative and judicial branches are separated according to the principle of separation of powers. The United Kingdom, while adopting a parliamentary system, also has an e-petition system running which simultaneously submits e-petitions to both the executive and legislative branches of the government. Therefore, in theory, the UK e-petition system has a stronger influence on legislation. In contrast, since the Korean government has to uphold the principle of separation of powers, in theory the Blue House e-petition system has a weaker influence in legislation compare to its UK counterpart. The second weak point is the lack of a substantial legal foundation, which has rendered the Blue House e-petition system a somewhat fragile one. In the worst-case scenario, governments in the future could outright disregard the system since there is no legal obligation to maintain it. The current state of the We the People e-petition system shows us precisely that scenario, when the Trump administration is only paying, at best, lukewarm attention to the e-petition system established by his predecessor, President Obama.
Finally, in a research methodological perspective, this paper argues that it would be too narrow to evaluate the e-petition system only from the legislation and policy perspectives. A broader scope of the evaluation is necessary when assessing an e-petition system.I. ์๋ก 1
1. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ 1
2. ๊ธฐ์กด๋ฌธํ 6
3. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 11
II. ํ๊ตญ์ ์ฒญ์์ ๋ 33
1. ํ๊ตญ ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ์ 33
2. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋ 49
III. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋๋ด์ ๋น๊ต 74
1. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๋ฌธ๊ณ 74
2. ๊ตญํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋์์ฒญ์์ ๋ 90
3. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋๋ด์ ๋น๊ต 101
IV. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋์ธ์ ๋น๊ต 117
1. ์๊ตญ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋ ๊ณต๋์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋ 117
2. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋ "์ ๋ ํผํ" ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋ 136
3. ํ, ์, ๋ฏธ ์ผ๊ตญ์ ์ ์์ฒญ์์ ๋ ๋น๊ต 149
4. ์ฒญ์๋ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฒญ์์ ๋์ ๋์ธ์ ๋น๊ต ์๊ฒฐ 174
V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 178
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 182
Abstract 202Maste
A randomised trial comparing three Delphi feedback strategies found no evidence of a difference in a setting with high initial agreement
Peer reviewedPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprintPostprin
Rural Health in Virginia: Disparities, Dilemmas, and Overview of a JMU School of Nursing Solution
Background:
There is no unified definition of rurality; this makes studying rurality, rural health, and associated health disparities and health outcomes difficult. Rural Americans constitute approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and they experience multiple barriers to healthcare and numerous health disparities as a result, particularly related to chronic disease, mental health, and increased lifestyle-linked health risks. Rural Americans should be viewed as a unique and vulnerable population, one with specific health promotion and disease prevention needs.
Local problem:
Although Virginia as a whole is a wealthy state, much inequity exists between the โGolden Crescentโ and the โRural Horseshoeโ regions of Virginia, which includes the western portion of the State. Rural Virginians face higher unemployment, a higher poverty rate, and decreased access to care. One such area is Page County, Virginia, a local underserved health professional shortage area.
Methods:
In 2018, JMU obtained a HRSA grant focusing on Nursing Education, Practice, Quality, and Retention called, โThe Undergraduate Primary Care and Rural Education (UPCARE) Project: a Community-based Nursing Education Collaboration.
Intervention:
The UPCARE Project allows JMU School of Nursing to respond to the needs for 1) BSN student education focusing on community health and primary care in a rural area, and 2) the creation two RN preceptor positions which incorporate a enhanced primary care RN role within 4 Rural Health Clinics (RHCs), all of whom are facilitated by a faculty-led grant team, including a Nurse Liaison. This two-pronged approach enables nurses to work to meet the health needs of the residents of Page County, Virginia. It is an innovative approach in keeping with Virginiaโs State Rural Health Plan.
Results:
The JMU UPCARE Project is a collaborative, community-focused solution to the rural health disparities facing Page County. To date, nine students have started their clinical experiences in Page County, and two RN preceptors are starting their enhanced primary care RN role in the Rural Health Clinics.
Conclusions/ Implications:
This presentation will focus on rural health nursing in general, rural health disparities in Virginia, the creation of the UPCARE Project as part of the solution to meet the health care needs of rural Virginians. In keeping with the theme of the conference, the presentation will focus on the development of an enhanced primary care RN role, which is designed for RNs to work at the top of their practice scope
A Mouse with a Monoclonal Primary lmmunoglobulin Repertoire not Further Diversified by V-Gene Replacement
We have generated a monoclonal B-cell mouse by introducing homozygous, nonfunctional
RAG-2 alleles and a ฮป1 light-chain transgene into the quasi-monoclonal (QM) mouse, which
contains a โknocked-inโ VHDJH rearrangement. Thus, this mouse, which we call MonoB, is
devoid of T cells and contains preformed heavy- and light-chain genes encoding immunoglobulin
with an anti-NP specificity. The MonoB mouse allows us to examine immunoglobulin
diversity in the absence of processes mediated by V(D)J recombination and T cells. Here we
report that not only is the MonoB's primary immunoglobulin repertoire monoclonal, but also
that its secondary repertoire is not further diversified by V-gene replacement or gene conversion.
Among 99 heavy-chain and 41 ฮป light-chain genes from peripheral B cells of the
MonoB mouse, there were no V-gene replacements. When compared to the QM mouse,
which has RAG activity, and for which V-gene replacement is the major diversifying mechanism,
these data suggest that V-gene replacement is mediated by V(D)J recombination and
not by other recombination systems
Building successful and sustainable academic health science partnerships: exploring perspectives of hospital leaders
Background:ย Clinical work-based internships form a key component of health professions education. Integral to these internships, academic health science partnerships (AHSPs) exist between universities and teaching hospitals. Our qualitative descriptive study explored the perspectives of hospital leadership on AHSPs: what they are composed of, and the facilitators and barriers to establishing and sustaining these partnerships.ย ย ย ย ย Methods: Fifteen individuals in a variety of hospital leadership positions were purposively sampled to participate in face-to-face interviews, after which a thematic analysis was conducted.Results: Participants reported that healthcare and hospital infrastructure shapes and constrains the implementation of clinical education. The strength of the hospitalsโ relationship with the medical profession facilitated the partnership, however other health professionsโ partnerships were viewed less favourably. Participants emphasized the value of hospital leaders prioritizing education. Further, our findings highlighted that communication, collaboration, and involvement are considered as both facilitators and barriers to active engagement. Lastly, opportunities stemming from the partnership were identified as research, current best practice, improved patient care, and career development.Conclusion:ย Our study found that AHSPs involve the drive of the university and hospitals to gain valued capital, or opportunities. Reciprocal communication, collaboration, and involvement are modifiable components that are integral to optimizing AHSPs
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Depletion of SAM leading to loss of heterochromatin drives muscle stem cell ageing.
The global loss of heterochromatin during ageing has been observed in eukaryotes from yeast to humans, and this has been proposed as one of the causes of ageing. However, the cause of this age-associated loss of heterochromatin has remained enigmatic. Here we show that heterochromatin markers, including histone H3K9 di/tri-methylation and HP1, decrease with age in muscle stem cells (MuSCs) as a consequence of the depletion of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). We find that restoration of intracellular SAM in aged MuSCs restores heterochromatin content to youthful levels and rejuvenates age-associated features, including DNA damage accumulation, increased cell death, and defective muscle regeneration. SAM is not only a methyl group donor for transmethylation, but it is also an aminopropyl donor for polyamine synthesis. Excessive consumption of SAM in polyamine synthesis may reduce its availability for transmethylation. Consistent with this premise, we observe that perturbation of increased polyamine synthesis by inhibiting spermidine synthase restores intracellular SAM content and heterochromatin formation, leading to improvements in aged MuSC function and regenerative capacity in male and female mice. Together, our studies demonstrate a direct causal link between polyamine metabolism and epigenetic dysregulation during murine MuSC ageing
Time to First-Line ART Failure and Time to Second-Line ART Switch in the IeDEA Pediatric Cohort
BACKGROUND:
Globally, 49% of the estimated 1.8 million children living with HIV are accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). There are limited data concerning long-term durability of first-line ART regimens and time to transition to second-line.
METHODS:
Children initiating their first ART regimen between 2 and 14 years of age and enrolled in one of 208 sites in 30 Asia-Pacific and African countries participating in the Pediatric International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS consortium were included in this analysis. Outcomes of interest were: first-line ART failure (clinical, immunologic, or virologic), change to second-line, and attrition (death or loss to program ). Cumulative incidence was computed for first-line failure and second-line initiation, with attrition as a competing event.
RESULTS:
In 27,031 children, median age at ART initiation was 6.7 years. Median baseline CD4% for children โค5 years of age was 13.2% and CD4 count for those >5 years was 258 cells per microliter. Almost all (94.4%) initiated a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; 5.3% a protease inhibitor, and 0.3% a triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen. At 1 year, 7.7% had failed and 14.4% had experienced attrition; by 5 years, the cumulative incidence was 25.9% and 29.4%, respectively. At 1 year after ART failure, 13.7% had transitioned to second-line and 11.2% had experienced attrition; by 5 years, the cumulative incidence was 31.6% and 25.9%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
High rates of first-line failure and attrition were identified in children within 5 years after ART initiation. Of children meeting failure criteria, only one-third were transitioned to second-line ART within 5 years
A Dual Platform Approach to Transcript Discovery for the Planarian Schmidtea Mediterranea to Establish RNAseq for Stem Cell and Regeneration Biology
The use of planarians as a model system is expanding and the mechanisms that control planarian regeneration are being elucidated. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea in particular has become a species of choice. Currently the planarian research community has access to this whole genome sequencing project and over 70,000 expressed sequence tags. However, the establishment of massively parallel sequencing technologies has provided the opportunity to define genetic content, and in particular transcriptomes, in unprecedented detail. Here we apply this approach to the planarian model system. We have sequenced, mapped and assembled 581,365 long and 507,719,814 short reads from RNA of intact and mixed stages of the first 7 days of planarian regeneration. We used an iterative mapping approach to identify and define de novo splice sites with short reads and increase confidence in our transcript predictions. We more than double the number of transcripts currently defined by publicly available ESTs, resulting in a collection of 25,053 transcripts described by combining platforms. We also demonstrate the utility of this collection for an RNAseq approach to identify potential transcripts that are enriched in neoblast stem cells and their progeny by comparing transcriptome wide expression levels between irradiated and intact planarians. Our experiments have defined an extensive planarian transcriptome that can be used as a template for RNAseq and can also help to annotate the S. mediterranea genome. We anticipate that suites of other 'omic approaches will also be facilitated by building on this comprehensive data set including RNAseq across many planarian regenerative stages, scenarios, tissues and phenotypes generated by RNAi
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