Clearing assays with AmB (a), flucytosine (b), allicin (c), AmB + allicin (d), flucytosine + allicin (e), and AmB + flucytosine + allicin (f).

<p>Spot number 1 indicates the control sample. The spots numbered 2, 3, and 4 correspond to antifungal treatments with the concentrations of MIC₁₀×10⁻¹, MIC₁₀, and MIC₉₀, respectively.</p

SEM images of <i>C. albicans</i> cells.

<p>A is the image of untreated cell. B and C show images cells treated with flucytosine (A) and amphotericin B (B) for <i>h</i> = 6, 12, and 18, respectively.</p

Cell viability of <i>C. albicans</i> treated with allicin and antifungal drugs.

<p>(a) The viability of <i>C. albicans</i> as a function of allicin concentration. The concentration of allicin was increased from 0 (control) to 5 µg/mL. (b) Cell viability as a function of treatment conditions. <i>C. albicans</i> cells were treated with allicin alone, one kind of drug (AmB, flucytosine), and the combinations of AmB + allicin, flucytosine + allicin, and AmB + flucytosine + allicin.</p

The normalized number of cells at different cell death phases (CDP) according to treatment condition.

<p>The CDP was assessed by analyzing SEM and AFM images of cells treated for 24 hours.</p

Number of holes observed in the cell membrane along with their depths and the cell height as a function of the paclitaxel treatment time in Ishikawa and HeLa cells.

<p>The hole and height were measured from 5∼12 cells for each group and the results were normalized by the number of cell. The height of cell was defined as the largest difference between the top and bottom of the cell.</p

Cell death phase (CDP) of <i>C. albicans</i> induced by flucytosine and amphotericin B.

<p>The cell death process can be divided by four phase according to the changes in shape and morphological properties.</p

The diameter of clearance zones according to treatment condition.

<p>The diameter of clearance zones according to treatment condition.</p

Changes in the biophysical properties of <i>C. albicans</i> according to treatment condition.

<p>(a) Changes in the adhesive force between the cells surface and the AFM tip and (b) changes in the stiffness of the cell membrane.</p

Representative AFM images from both untreated (0 h) and treated HeLa cells for 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h.

<p>The first and second columns show full and magnified images (3×5 µm²) of the cell. The third column shows a 3D image of the entire cell and the fourth column is the line profile measured in the magnified image shown in the second column. The white line shows the position of the line profile. The colors in the images indicate different heights with the light and dark colors corresponding to a higher and lower topography, respectively.</p

Force distance curve for control (a), treated Ishikawa (b) and HeLa (c) cells.

<p>The force of cantilever was plotted as a function of the probe position in the <i>z</i>-direction. The open circle and rectangle show the loading and unloading processes, respectively. The loading curve after the AFM tip approached closely or contacted the sample surface, which gives the information of the sample property.</p