Daya Saing Bawang Putih di Indonesia

Demand for garlic in Indonesia tends to increase, but only a little (< 5 percent) of it was met by national production. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian garlic and identify its determinants. Data used on garlic farming was obtained from the Agricultural Census 2013-Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), consisting of 121 sample farmers in West Nusa Tenggara province and 98 farmers in Central Java province. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method was used to measure comparative and competitive advantages which were grouped according to the technical efficiency of production. Efficiency is estimated by the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The results showed that garlic has a comparative and competitive advantage in only 55 percent of the total sample. The comparative and competitive advantages of garlic were significantly determined by the technical efficiency of production. Further analysis showed that the competitiveness of Indonesian garlic was sensitive to changes in productivity and output prices. Productivity is the most decisive factor in the competitiveness of Indonesian garlic. Government policies related to input prices and output prices caused farmers to pay lower input prices and accepted output prices higher than their social prices. From this study can be concluded that in general Indonesian garlic was not competitive being produced domestically. Garlic can be produced domestically as an import substitution if it is produced with high productivity and efficiency. It is recommended to improve the technical efficiency of production by utilizing the potential land and technology production optimally.Permintaan bawang putih di Indonesia cenderung meningkat, tetapi kurang dari lima persen dari permintaan tersebut dipenuhi oleh produksi nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing bawang putih Indonesia dan mengidentifikasi faktor penentunya. Data yang digunakan adalah data usahatani bawang putih yang diperoleh dari Sensus Pertanian 2013-Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), yang terdiri dari 121 sampel petani di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dan 98 petani di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Metode Policy Analisis Matrix (PAM) digunakan untuk mengukur keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif yang dikelompokkan sesuai dengan tingkat efisiensi teknis produksi yang diperkirakan oleh metode Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bawang putih Indonesia yang memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan keunggulan kompetitif hanya sebesar 55 persen dari total sampel dari usahatani bawang putih. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa keunggulan komparatif dan keunggulan kompetitif bawang putih secara signifikan ditentukan oleh efisiensi teknis produksi. Analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa daya saing bawang putih Indonesia peka terhadap perubahan produktivitas dan harga output. Daya saing tertinggi dicapai melalui perubahan signifikan pada produktivitas bawang putih lokal. Kebijakan pemerintah terkait harga input dan harga output menyebabkan petani membayar harga input yang lebih rendah dan menerima harga output yang lebih tinggi dari harga sosialnya. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum bawang putih Indonesia tidak kompetitif untuk di produksi di dalam negeri. Bawang putih dapat di produksi secara domestik sebagai produk substitusi impor jika di produksi dalam produktivitas tinggi dan usahatani yang efisien secara teknis. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan usahatani bawang putih disertai dengan perbaikan dalam efisiensi teknis produksi

IMPACT OF SELF-SUFFICIENCY FISH FEED PROGRAM ON THE FISH FARMING BUSINESS PERFORMANCE

High feed prices and a high proportion of feed costs cause the profitability of fish farming businesses to decline. One of the government's efforts to reduce feed costs is encouraging fish farmers to produce their feed using local raw materials through Self-Sufficiency Fish Feed Program. This study aims to analyze program’s impact on the fish farming performance using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. Performance is measured by cost, revenue, profit, R/C ratio, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), and technical efficiency which estimated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results show that program implementation at the fish farmer's level has not positively impacted the fish farming business's performance. The results of the PSM analysis show that the program significantly impacts on costs, revenue, profit, R/C ratio, FCR, and technical efficiency. Farmers with programs have a higher average cost and FCR than farmers without programs. The fish farmers with program have a lower revenue, profit, R/C ratio and technical efficiency than fish farmers without program. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the main cause the program has not had a positive impact on the fish farming businesses performance is the quality of self-sufficiency fish feed. Therefore, the recommended policy is to create a system for supplying local raw materials with good quality, increasing feed formulation training and need specialize by forming group of self-sufficiency fish feed producers separated from the fish farming group

Premia and Discount of Rice Characteristics: The Case of Retail Market in Bogor-Indonesia

Rice marketing in Indonesia has undergone significant changes, especially at the retailer level. Rice provided by retailers is increasingly diverse, both in terms of variation and quality. This study is aimed at analyzing the implicit value of various characteristics that are generally used as a reference when consumers buy rice at retailers. The study employed a hedonic price model, which was originally introduced by Lancaster. The data used are primary data from the survey of various types of rice sold by retailers in various locations in urban area of Bogor. The survey was conducted in March 2018. The results showed that the content of rice fragments or minute kernels and off-color rice can discount the price of rice. The estimation results of the model also showed that the length characteristic had a negative influence on the price of rice. Rice producers and traders have the opportunity to increase the price of rice they sold by reducing contents of the minute kernel and off-color rice that can be visually observed by consumers when making the choice of rice to buy.Keywords: consumer preference, implicit price, quality attributes, retail marke

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF SHALLOT PRODUCTION IN PRODUCTION CENTERS IN JAVA AND OUTSIDE JAVA

To increase shallot production in Indonesia is faced with the issue of the dichotomy between Java and outside Java. Data shows that more than 70% of shallot harvested area is on Java, even though it is only 17% of Indonesia's total agricultural area.  This research aims to identify factors that determine shallot production and measure the technical efficiency of shallot production and its determining factors. We used survey data from the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2014, which consisted of 2,860 input-output units of shallot production on Java and 940 outside Java. Using the stochastic frontier production function, it is found that production factors of land, labor, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides significantly determine shallot production in Java and outside Java. The marginal productivity of land, labor, seeds, fertilizers and pesticides in Java is higher than outside Java. The average technical efficiency score of production outside Java is higher than in Java. However, land productivity outside Java is lower than in Java. These findings indicate that the majority of shallot farming outside Java is already at its production frontier, whereas in Java only a small portion has reached its production frontier. Technical efficiency of production is determined by season and type of land, as well as farmers' membership in farmer groups, partnerships, and cooperatives. This conclusion implies that increasing shallot production outside Java requires new technology that can increase marginal input productivity. Technology to be developed is the use of true shallot seeds, accompanied by irrigation and agricultural institutions

Analisis Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Jawa dan Luar Jawa: Kajian Prospek Peningkatan Produksi Padi Nasional

Padi dapat tumbuh di hampir seluruh pulau di Indonesia, tetapi 57 persen padi di produksi di Pulau Jawa, dengan luasan kurang dari 10 persen dari total luasan di Indonesia. Studi mengenai prospek peningkatan produksi padi nasional penting dilakukan sebagai antisipasi meningkatnya konsumsi beras, terkhusus dengan memanfaatkan lahan di luar Pulau Jawa. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitumengidentifikasi prospek peningkatan produksi beras nasional, terutama di luar Jawa, dari perspektif faktor produksi padi dan efisiensin teknis ditingkat petani. Dengan menggunakan stochastic frontier, fungsi produksi translog menunjukan bahwa peningkatan input (lahan, benih, pupuk dan pestisida) tidak banyak meningkatkan produksi padi di Pulau Jawa dan luar Pulau Jawa (inelastis), sedangkan tenaga kerja bertanda negatif. Berdasarkan hasil efisiensi teknis, potensi petani untuk meningkatkan produksi padi di Jawa dan luar Jawa sebesar 28 dan 39 persen. Selain itu, analisis menunjukan irigasi, status lahan, kelompok tani dan pendidikan petani memengaruhi efisiensi teknis. Penelitian ini dapat disimpukan bahwa prospek peningkatkan produksi padi dengan efisiensi teknis di luar Pulau Jawa lebih tinggi daripada di Pulau Jawa. Namun, peningkatan produksi padi di luar Pulau Jawa dapat dilakukan dengan membangun lahan irigasi. Selain itu, untuk meningkatkan produksi padi secara signifikan diperlukannya teknologi produksi padi baru baik di Jawa dan luar Jawa.Rice can grow in almost all of the islands in Indonesia, but 57 per cent of it was produced in Java, which is less than 10 per cent of the national area in Indonesia. To anticipate the increasing need for rice consumption, it is important to study the prospects for increasing national rice production, especially by utilizing the potential of agricultural land outside Java island. The purpose of this study was to identify the prospects for the development of national rice, especially outside Java island, from the perspective of rice production factors and technical efficiency at the farm level. Using stochastic frontier analysis, the translog production function showed that the increasing use of inputs (land, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides) will not significantly increase rice production both in Java and outside Java island (inelastic). Technical efficiency analysis indicated that rice production in Java and outside Java island was 28 and 39 per cent below its frontier, respectively.  Further analysis showed that irrigation, land status, farmer groups, and farmer education were significantly improved technical efficiency. This study concluded that the potential to increase rice production by increasing technical efficiency outside of Java island was greater than in Java island. However, increasing the efficiency of rice production outside Java may be constrained by the availability of irrigated agricultural land. To significantly increase national rice production both in Java and outside Java island, a breakthrough in new rice production technology is needed

THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE IMPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO AND SMALL INDUSTRIES IN INDONESIA

The micro and small industries play an important role in the growth of the national economy, as evidenced by the increasing number of micro and small business units every year and their contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, the COVID-19 pandemic has decreased revenue for micro and small industry players, forcing them to make efficiency measures in their business. To overcome this difficult situation, implementing e-commerce in micro and small industries is considered an important marketing strategy to maintain business continuity. In fact, only a few micro and small business actors apply e-commerce. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the implementation of e-commerce in micro and small industries, as well as the impact of e-commerce implementation on the performance of micro and small businesses in Indonesia. The data used in this study were secondary data from the 2019 survey of micro and small industries conducted by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and the respondents were categorized into two groups: micro and small industries (SMI) that implement e-commerce and those that do not. The data was analyzed using propensity score matching. The study results showed that the implementation of e-commerce has a positive and significant impact on the performance of micro and small industries, namely an increase in employees, revenue, and business profit

The Impact of Credit Constraint on Productivity and Technical Efficiency of Sugarcane in Indonesia

Credit constraints on banks in the sugarcane plantation sector hinder efforts to achieve sugar self-sufficiency. Farmers' access to banking is often deemed difficult due to the dominance of small-scale farmers who lack collateral. In reality, farmers who successfully access banking sources also face constraints as the amount of credit received does not match the amount requested due to information imperfections between banks and farmers. Therefore, this research aims to identify the characteristics of farmers facing credit constraints, analyze the impact of credit constraints on productivity and technical efficiency, and identify the factors influencing technical inefficiency. The sample size consists of 4885 farmers who were then analyzed using ordinal probit regression, stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), total factor productivity (TFP), partial productivity, and propensity score matching (PSM) methods. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that land area and participation in agricultural organizations such as cooperatives and partnerships strengthen the degree of credit constraint. Meanwhile, land ownership and irrigated decrease the degree of credit constraint. The negative impact of credit constraints on productivity and technical efficiency is evident. Factors influencing technical efficiency include land status, land type, seed varieties, and participation in cooperatives and partnerships. This research has implications for bank policies that should not hinder farmers' access to banking services. This can be achieved by designing specific agricultural loans that view agriculture not as a risk but as a long-term investment. Keywords: credit constraint, propensity score matching (PSM), stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), technical efficienc

Analisis USAha Budidaya Tambak Bandeng pada Teknologi Tradisional dan Semi_intensif di Kabupaten Karawang

The low productivity of milkfish produced by traditional technology encourage the development of new farming technologies to increase productivity. Semi-intensive technology has evolved since the 2000s. However, this technology increases the cost of production because of the additional input of artificial feed. One of the regencies which produce milkfish using both traditional and semi-intensive technology is Karawang Regency. The objective of this research were to analyze profit and cost efficiency in traditional and semi-intensive techonology. The method of data collection conducted purposive as many as 30 milkfish farmers with traditional technology and 33 milkfish farmers with semi-intensive technology. The results show that semi-intensive technology provides a higher level of productivity and higher profitability. However, traditional technology was more efficient than semi-intensive technology. This condition causes the milkfish cultivation with traditional technology are still exist because it provides a higher return to capital

Permintaan dan Penawaran Minyak Goreng Sawit Indonesia

In the last 15 years, Indonesia palm-cooking oil price tend to increase significantly. The increase of palm-cooking oil price was driven by either its demand or supply. This study aimed to determine factors affecting of demand, supply, and Indonesia palm-cooking oil price. This research used time series data from 1990 to 2014. Simultaneous equation model was performed to analyse demand and supply of palm-cooking oil. The result indicated that income and population significantly influenced demand for palm-cooking oil. These implied that palm-cooking oil is categorized as normal good and staple food in Indonesia. While the price of palm-cooking oil, palm oil production, and real price of CPO Domestic significantly influenced supply of palm-cooking oil. Indonesia palm-cooking oil price was not significantly affected by its demand and supply

Keragaan Kelembagaan Pasar Lelang dalam Pemasaran Produk Pertanian

Auction is one of the pricing mechanisms that has been widely applied in various fields. The auction market which was widely applied to non-agricultural goods has now developed in agriculture such as the chili auction market in Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. The purpose of this study is to describe the institutional profile of the chili auction and the process of implementing the chili auction managed by farmers in Panjatan District, Kulon Progo Regency. Descriptive analysis used to analyze the institutional profile of the chili auction market and the auction process. The results showed that the institutional auction market in the District of Panjatan is an institution that is managed jointly by chili farmers in the District of Panjatan with the terms that have been mutually agreed upon. The auction mechanism is carried out in three stages, namely pre-auction activities, auction activities and post-auction activities. Determination of auction prices using the mechanism of the first price auction. This auction mechanism will minimize collusion between traders, and force traders to compete for chili supply from farmers in Panjatan District with the highest price offer that can be given