18 research outputs found

    Globalization and Exclusionary Urban rowth in Asian Countries

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    This paper overviews the debate on the relationship between the measures of globalization, economic growth and pace of urbanization, and speculates on its impact on the quality of life and poverty in the context of Asian countries. After experiencing moderate to high urban growth for three to four decades since the 1950s, most of these countries have reported a significant deceleration. This questions the postulate of the epicentre of urbanization shifting to Asia. It also lends credence to the thesis of exclusionary urban growth, which is linked with the formal or informal denial of entry to poor migrants and increased unaffordability of urban space of the rural people. An analysis of the policies and programmes at the national and regional levels shows that these have contributed to the ushering in of this era of urban exclusion. The process of elite capture in the global cities has led to ‘sanitization’ and cleaning up of the micro environment by pushing out the current and prospective migrants and informal activities out of the city boundaries. Given the political economy of urban growth and the need to attract global and domestic capital into cities, governments would not interfere with ‘elitist interests’. Asia, thus, is unlikely to go the same way as Latin America did in the second half of the last century. To absorb incremental labourforce outside agriculture, many of the large countries may, however, promote the small and medium towns that have unfortunately reported economic stagnation and deceleration in population growth. Furthermore, a few among the small and less developed countries are likely to experience high urban growth, largely due to foreign investment. This would impact on the geopolitical balance on the continent despite the fact that expansion in the urban and industrial base in these countries would not make a dent on macro-level aggregates.globalization, urbanization, urban growth, URGD, exclusionary urbanization, inequality, poverty, small towns, small Asian countries economic resiliency, Liberia

    Globalization and exclusionary urban growth in Asian countries

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    This paper overviews the debate on the relationship between the measures of globalization, economic growth and pace of urbanization, and speculates on its impact on the quality of life and poverty in the context of Asian countries. After experiencing moderate to high urban growth for three to four decades since the 1950s, most of these countries have reported a significant deceleration. This questions the postulate of the epicentre of urbanization shifting to Asia. It also lends credence to the thesis of exclusionary urban growth, which is linked with the formal or informal denial of entry to poor migrants and increased unaffordability of urban space of the rural people. An analysis of the policies and programmes at the national and regional levels shows that these have contributed to the ushering in of this era of urban exclusion. The process of elite capture in the global cities has led to 'sanitization' and cleaning up of the micro environment by pushing out the current and prospective migrants and informal activities out of the city boundaries. Given the political economy of urban growth and the need to attract global and domestic capital into cities, governments would not interfere with 'elitist interests'. Asia, thus, is unlikely to go the same way as Latin America did in the second half of the last century. To absorb incremental labourforce outside agriculture, many of the large countries may, however, promote the small and medium towns that have unfortunately reported economic stagnation and deceleration in population growth. Furthermore, a few among the small and less developed countries are likely to experience high urban growth, largely due to foreign investment. This would impact on the geopolitical balance on the continent despite the fact that expansion in the urban and industrial base in these countries would not make a dent on macro-level aggregates

    Strain induced variations in transport and optical properties of SrVO3_3: a DFT+U study

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    First-principles calculations based on density functional theory + Hubbard U (DFT+U) approach have been carried out to study the strain induced variations in the optical and transport properties of the correlated perovskite SrVO3_3. By virtue of its conductivity, high carrier mobility and optical transparency, SrVO3_3 can be used as a potential replacement of indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent conductor. As strain tuning is an effective way to tune the electron-electron correlations in correlated oxides, the epitaxial strain induced variations in V-3d bandwidth, band center shift and band splitting at high symmetry points (Γ{\Gamma}, R) in SrVO3_3 are investigated. The alterations in resistivity, carrier concentration, Hall coefficient and plasma frequency with applied strain are also elucidated. Our calculations revealed that under tensile strain, the lifting of the threefold degeneracy of 3d-t2g_{2g} orbital and d-band narrowing reinforces a relatively less conducting state thus limiting the ωP\omega_P to lower frequencies. On the contrary, in case of compressive strain the d-band widening predominates leading to an increase in carrier concentration and decrease in resistivity enhancing the metallic state. As a result, ωP\omega_P is increased to higher frequencies which decreases the optical transparency window. Hence, our results and findings clearly demonstrate the interdependence between the optical and transport properties, and provides a detailed mechanism to tune the optoelectronic properties of SrVO3_3 for its applications as a transparent conducting oxide

    India, Germany and Europe: a Spatial Perspective at SDG 3 on Good Health and Well-Being

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    Responding to crucial challenges in urban and rural development led the United Nations decide on the New Urban Agenda as well as the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In order to understand the spatial patterns, which SDGs produce, a national and supranational spatial perspective is taken on SDG 3 “Good health and Well-Being”. Progress in health concomitantly affects several pathways of development in a country. Persistent improvements in the life expectancy at birth ascertain significant progress towards health care in any country. The development in the respective health system is validated by improving health-related indicators, such as institutional deliveries, infant and child mortality rates, full immunisation and nutrition. Sub-goal 3.7 addresses the universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services, including family planning, information and education. Adolescent pregnancy leading to teenage parenthood is an obviously global concern affecting low- and high-income countries in the same way. Alternating maps illustrate the spatial perspective on SDG 3 in India, Germany and Europe by taking manifold national as well as supranational views wherever feasible

    India, Germany and Europe: a Spatial Perspective at SDG 4 on Quality Education

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    Responding to crucial challenges in urban and rural development led the United Nations decide on the New Urban Agenda as well as the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In order to understand the spatial patterns, which SDGs produce, a national and supranational spatial perspective is taken on SDG 4 "Quality Education". SDG 4 highlights the human right on education and requests institutions to ensure inclusive and equal access to education for all. In many countries, one can note gender differences related to schooling at all levels or at graduation. Education in general and the education of females in particular influences largely the social and economic development of countries, ranging from health and birth control to a higher economic output of enterprises lead by mixed teams. The chapters visualise the spatial analysis of SDG 4, respectively on school graduates, female school graduates and scholar exclusion. Alternating maps illustrate the spatial perspective on SDG 4 in India, Germany and Europe by taking manifold national as well as supranational views wherever feasible

    Deutschland, Europa und Indien: SDG 11 "Nachhaltige StÀdte und Gemeinden" in rÀumlicher Perspektive

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    Responding to crucial challenges in urban and rural development led the United Nations decide on the New Urban Agenda as well as the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The progress made in implementing the New Urban Agenda is referenced against the SDGs and vice versa. In order to understand the spatial patterns which SDGs produce, a national and supranational spatial perspective is taken on SDG 11 "Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and Communities". While data availability determines the analysis, national or even supranational programmes support respective development and change. The chapters visualise the spatial analysis of SDG 11. Alternating maps illustrate the spatial perspective on SDG 11 in India, Germany and Europe by taking manifold national as well as supranational views wherever feasible

    BUILDING A FAIRER FUTURE: JOINT ACTIONS FOR POVERTY, HUNGER AND INEQUALITY REDUCTION BY G20 NATIONS

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    The Group of Twenty (G20) countries, representing two-thirds of the global population and 85% of gross domestic product (GDP), play a crucial role in addressing pressing global challenges, including poverty, hunger, income inequality and climate change. The 2023 Indian summit underscored the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), fostering a green development agenda, and reinforcing multilateralism, with a strong emphasis on technological transformation, gender equality and financial inclusion to ensure that “No One is Left Behind”. Efforts also targeted to eradicate hunger especially by promoting research collaboration on climate-resilient and nutritious grains. As the G20 prepares for the Brazil 2024 summit, the focus will shift to enhancing social inclusion, energy transitions, and reforming global governance institutions. Key priorities include promoting eradicating poverty and hunger, financial inclusion, gender equality, and multilateralism, encapsulated in the motto “Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet”. This upcoming summit aims to foster a people-centred approach to development, emphasizing the interconnections between poverty eradication, hunger alleviation, and climate action. This article explores collaborative strategies for G20 nations to mitigate global inequalities, highlighting the historical commitment of G20 summits to these issues since the launch of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. It assesses individual progress among G20 members toward these shared goals and presents selected policies that have shown promise in addressing poverty, hunger and inequality. By identifying successful country-level initiatives, the article aims to provide insights into effective, coordinated actions to tackle global disparities. Ultimately, it emphasizes that reducing inequalities is essential not only for promoting social equity but also for fostering sustainable economic and environmental practices worldwide

    Oxygen vacancy induced metal-insulator transition in LaNiO

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    First principle calculations were carried out to examine the metal-insulator transition in LaNiO3 due to changes in oxygen content and consequent alteration of valence state of nickel. The optical properties of all the oxygen deficient LaNiO3−x compounds were calculated to illustrate the electronic structures of the compounds and the change they undergo during the metal-insulator transition. The metallic nature of LaNiO3 is characterized by the Drude peak in the optical conductivity spectra and the high reflectivity it exhibits in the low frequency region. The complex dielectric function and the optical conductivity spectra clearly show that, for x = 0.25, i.e., LaNiO2.75 becomes a semiconductor. As x increases further to 0.5, a gap in the optical spectra appears, indicating the insulating nature of LaNiO2.5. The insulating state of LaNiO2.5 is best described by the GW+HSE method which gives a good estimation of the optical gap of the material. The absorption spectra of LaNiO2.5 clearly reveal that this material is transparent in the low frequency region. This metal-insulator transition is followed by another insulator to semiconductor transition, as x is increased further to 1 i.e., in case of LaNiO2. The metal-insulator transition is then explained on the basis of electron localization function calculations, which show the increase in the covalent bonding in the system as the transition to the insulating state sets in
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