102 research outputs found
Methods of Burning Solid Fuel Mixtures in Power Plants (Review)
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 %. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉThe paper presents one of the most accessible ways to transition to resource-saving and environmentally safe generation of heat and electricity by coal-fired thermal power facilities, which consists in burning fuel mixtures. A review of the existing experience in the transfer of existing heat engineering equipment both in Russia and abroad is carried out, the main difficulties in the process of burning solid fuel mixtures are described in detail. The most effective mixtures in terms of their environmental performance are obtained on the basis of coal and biomass with its addition in terms of heat content of no more than 20 %. The combustion remains one of the most complex and unexplored processes, and during the joint combustion of several solid fuels, additional interactions occur that affect the main combustion characteristics, therefore, the paper separately considers the methods for studying the combustion process and equipment for experimental combustion of solid fuel mixture
Dry Residues of Sewage β a Promising Energy Fuel
ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π°
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ (ΠΠ‘Π). ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 50 %), ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 80 %) ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅
Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 268 Β°C. ΠΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅
0,4Γ10β6, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 13 %/ΠΌΠΈΠ½,
ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 633 Β°C. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π°
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»Π΅ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
(ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ). ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΠ‘Π Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈFrom the profiles of the curves of differential scanning calorimetry, the maximum intensity of the heat flux, as well as the endothermic and exothermic effects of the combustion of wastewater residues (SWS) were determined. Sludge wastewater residues have a high ash content (more than 50 %), which reduces the value of the lower calorific value in the working state. The high content of volatile substances (more than 80 %) ensures early ignition at a temperature of 268 Β°C. Having a low ignition temperature, they can be a promising additional fuel to coal after enrichment in order to significantly reduce the ash content and increase the calorific value. The low value of the combustion index equal to 0.4Γ10β6 is due to the low value of the maximum reaction rate equal to 13 %/min and the high burnout temperature equal to 633 Β°C. The conducted studies have shown that the combustion of WWS does not lead to a deterioration in the operating conditions of the furnace screens in boiler furnaces due to the high content of minerals in the ash with a high melting point (iron and calcium phosphates). The high content of phosphorus in wastewater residues contributes to the immobilization of mobile iron into phosphates. Such a composition of WWS will help to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in slag and ash residues of co-combustion with coal during subsequent long-term storage. The results of this study should be used in the design of thermal power facilitie
PB2423: ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH PRIOR INFECTION CAUSED BY THE SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19)
Purification of Acetonitrile
The procedure is described for the purification of acetonitrile to a level suitable for spectroscopic and chromatographic work. Rectification of chemical pretreated acetonitrile was performed on glass vacuum-jacketed column, filled with spiral-prismatic packing.</jats:p
Reference frequencies comb generation for microwave photonics ADC with signal spectral-interval estimation
Formation of a reference frequency comb in a circuit comprising a highly stable continuous laser and an amplitude Mach- Zehnder modulator with two independent RF inputs working with large modulation index for use in a high-speed microwave photonics ADC with spectral-interval estimation is investigated by numerical simulation. In such ADCs, the entire spectrum of the input signal is divided by microwave photonics elements into spectral intervals, each of which uses a microwave photonics converter to transform the signal to an intermediate frequency (for each part of the spectrum of the microwave input signal, its own reference frequency is used for heterodyning). The requirements for a multimode source of optical reference frequencies for high-speed microwave photonics ADC are formulated. To study the characteristics of such a source, numerical modeling is carried out. It is shown that the frequency noise of the laser can be partially suppressed due to their compensation when converted to an intermediate frequency. Experimental study of the reference frequency comb generator layout showed a good agreement of the obtained characteristics with the results of numerical simulation
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