102 research outputs found

    Methods of Burning Solid Fuel Mixtures in Power Plants (Review)

    Get PDF
    Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ прСдставлСн ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ доступных способов ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅ΡΡƒΡ€ΡΠΎΡΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ экологичСски бСзопасной Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ элСктричСской энСргии ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈ тСплоэнСргСтики, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² сТигании смСсСй Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ². ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ тСплотСхничСского оборудования ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² России, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ описаны основныС трудности Π² процСссС сТигания Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… смСсСй. НаиболСС эффСктивныС смСси ΠΏΠΎ своим экологичСским показатСлям ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π° основС угля ΠΈ биомассы с Π΅Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 20 %. Π“ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ остаСтся ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· самых слоТных ΠΈ Π½Π΅ исслСдованных процСссов, Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ совмСстном Π³ΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² происходят Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ взаимодСйствия, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° основныС характСристики горСния, поэтому Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ рассмотрСны ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ исслСдований процСсса горСния ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для провСдСния ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ сТигания Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… смСсСйThe paper presents one of the most accessible ways to transition to resource-saving and environmentally safe generation of heat and electricity by coal-fired thermal power facilities, which consists in burning fuel mixtures. A review of the existing experience in the transfer of existing heat engineering equipment both in Russia and abroad is carried out, the main difficulties in the process of burning solid fuel mixtures are described in detail. The most effective mixtures in terms of their environmental performance are obtained on the basis of coal and biomass with its addition in terms of heat content of no more than 20 %. The combustion remains one of the most complex and unexplored processes, and during the joint combustion of several solid fuels, additional interactions occur that affect the main combustion characteristics, therefore, the paper separately considers the methods for studying the combustion process and equipment for experimental combustion of solid fuel mixture

    Dry Residues of Sewage – a Promising Energy Fuel

    Get PDF
    По профилям ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° максимальная ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠ°, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ эндотСрмичСскиС ΠΈ экзотСрмичСскиС эффСкты горСния остатков сточных Π²ΠΎΠ΄ (ΠžΠ‘Π’). Π˜Π»ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ остатки сточных Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 50 %), Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ сниТаСт Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ низшСй Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ сгорания Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‡Π΅ΠΌ состоянии. ВысокоС содСрТаниС Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ… вСщСств (Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 80 %) обСспСчиваСт Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ 268 Β°C. ИмСя Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ заТигания, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ пСрспСктивным Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΡƒΠ³Π»ΡŽ послС обогащСния с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ сущСствСнного сниТСния Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ увСличСния Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ сгорания. НизкоС Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ индСкса горСния, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ 0,4Γ—10–6, обусловлСно Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ максимальной скорости Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 13 %/ΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΠΈ высокой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ выгорания, Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΉ 633 Β°C. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ сТиганиС ΠžΠ‘Π’ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΡƒΡ…ΡƒΠ΄ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ условий эксплуатации Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экранов Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° высокого содСрТания ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² Π·ΠΎΠ»Π΅ с высокой Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ плавлСния (фосфаты ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΡ†ΠΈΡ). ВысокоС содСрТаниС фосфора Π² остатках сточных Π²ΠΎΠ΄ способствуСт ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π° Π² фосфаты. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ состав ΠžΠ‘Π’ Π±ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ тяТСлых ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡˆΠ»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… остатках совмСстного сТигания с углями ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исслСдования цСлСсообразно ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² тСплоэнСргСтикиFrom the profiles of the curves of differential scanning calorimetry, the maximum intensity of the heat flux, as well as the endothermic and exothermic effects of the combustion of wastewater residues (SWS) were determined. Sludge wastewater residues have a high ash content (more than 50 %), which reduces the value of the lower calorific value in the working state. The high content of volatile substances (more than 80 %) ensures early ignition at a temperature of 268 Β°C. Having a low ignition temperature, they can be a promising additional fuel to coal after enrichment in order to significantly reduce the ash content and increase the calorific value. The low value of the combustion index equal to 0.4Γ—10–6 is due to the low value of the maximum reaction rate equal to 13 %/min and the high burnout temperature equal to 633 Β°C. The conducted studies have shown that the combustion of WWS does not lead to a deterioration in the operating conditions of the furnace screens in boiler furnaces due to the high content of minerals in the ash with a high melting point (iron and calcium phosphates). The high content of phosphorus in wastewater residues contributes to the immobilization of mobile iron into phosphates. Such a composition of WWS will help to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in slag and ash residues of co-combustion with coal during subsequent long-term storage. The results of this study should be used in the design of thermal power facilitie

    Nuclear Effects in Deuterium and Global PDF fits

    No full text

    On dense embeddings of discrete abelian groups into locally compact groups

    No full text

    Purification of Acetonitrile

    Full text link
    The procedure is described for the purification of acetonitrile to a level suitable for spectroscopic and chromatographic work. Rectification of chemical pretreated acetonitrile was performed on glass vacuum-jacketed column, filled with spiral-prismatic packing.</jats:p

    Reference frequencies comb generation for microwave photonics ADC with signal spectral-interval estimation

    No full text
    Formation of a reference frequency comb in a circuit comprising a highly stable continuous laser and an amplitude Mach- Zehnder modulator with two independent RF inputs working with large modulation index for use in a high-speed microwave photonics ADC with spectral-interval estimation is investigated by numerical simulation. In such ADCs, the entire spectrum of the input signal is divided by microwave photonics elements into spectral intervals, each of which uses a microwave photonics converter to transform the signal to an intermediate frequency (for each part of the spectrum of the microwave input signal, its own reference frequency is used for heterodyning). The requirements for a multimode source of optical reference frequencies for high-speed microwave photonics ADC are formulated. To study the characteristics of such a source, numerical modeling is carried out. It is shown that the frequency noise of the laser can be partially suppressed due to their compensation when converted to an intermediate frequency. Experimental study of the reference frequency comb generator layout showed a good agreement of the obtained characteristics with the results of numerical simulation
    • …
    corecore