sj-docx-1-aut-10.1177_13623613231170698 – Supplemental material for Interpreting the results of explicit and applied theory of mind collectively in autistic children: A solution from Rasch analysis

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-aut-10.1177_13623613231170698 for Interpreting the results of explicit and applied theory of mind collectively in autistic children: A solution from Rasch analysis by Shih-Chieh Lee, Chien-Yu Huang, I-Ning Fu and Kuan-Lin Chen in Autism</p

Percentage of voxels detectable at varying post-labeling delay PLD (left panel, tagging duration = 1500 ms) and tagging duration τ (right panel, PLD = 1800 ms).

<p>Error bars indicate the standard deviation across 10 subjects.</p

Illustration of the steps of computer adaptive testing (CAT).

<p>Illustration of the steps of computer adaptive testing (CAT).</p

Item-saving assessment of self-care performance in children with developmental disabilities: A prospective caregiver-report computerized adaptive test

<div><p>Objective</p><p>The purpose of this study was to construct a computerized adaptive test (CAT) for measuring self-care performance (the CAT-SC) in children with developmental disabilities (DD) aged from 6 months to 12 years in a content-inclusive, precise, and efficient fashion.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The study was divided into 3 phases: (1) item bank development, (2) item testing, and (3) a simulation study to determine the stopping rules for the administration of the CAT-SC. A total of 215 caregivers of children with DD were interviewed with the 73-item CAT-SC item bank. An item response theory model was adopted for examining the construct validity to estimate item parameters after investigation of the unidimensionality, equality of slope parameters, item fitness, and differential item functioning (DIF). In the last phase, the reliability and concurrent validity of the CAT-SC were evaluated.</p><p>Results</p><p>The final CAT-SC item bank contained 56 items. The stopping rules suggested were (a) reliability coefficient greater than 0.9 or (b) 14 items administered. The results of simulation also showed that 85% of the estimated self-care performance scores would reach a reliability higher than 0.9 with a mean test length of 8.5 items, and the mean reliability for the rest was 0.86. Administering the CAT-SC could reduce the number of items administered by 75% to 84%. In addition, self-care performances estimated by the CAT-SC and the full item bank were very similar to each other (Pearson <i>r</i> = 0.98).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The newly developed CAT-SC can efficiently measure self-care performance in children with DD whose performances are comparable to those of TD children aged from 6 months to 12 years as precisely as the whole item bank. The item bank of the CAT-SC has good reliability and a unidimensional self-care construct, and the CAT can estimate self-care performance with less than 25% of the items in the item bank. Therefore, the CAT-SC could be useful for measuring self-care performance in children with DD in clinical and research settings.</p></div

Descriptive statistics of the characteristics of children with developmental disabilities and their caregivers (N = 215).

<p>Descriptive statistics of the characteristics of children with developmental disabilities and their caregivers (N = 215).</p

Maps of perfusion-weighted signal to noise ratio (SNR_dM) averaged across 10 subjects.

<p>Six slices are shown. (a) SNR_dM is noticeably higher in gray matter than in white matter. To better display how SNR_dM is distributed in white matter, gray matter is masked out in the lower panel and the color scale is adjusted. (b) SNR_dM in white matter after spatially smoothed by a three-dimensional Gaussian-shaped kernel (full-width-half- maximum = 3 mm for the upper panel and 8 mm for the lower panel). Note that a different color scale is used to accommodate the increase of SNR_dM.</p

Enzyme-Catalyzed Azepinoindole Formation in Clavine Alkaloid Biosynthesis

(−)-Aurantioclavine (1), which contains a characteristic seven-membered ring fused to an indole ring, belongs to the azepinoindole class of fungal clavine alkaloids. Here we show that starting from a 4-dimethylallyl-l-tryptophan precursor, a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding oxidase and a catalase-like heme-containing protein are involved in the biosynthesis of 1. The function of these two enzymes was characterized by heterologous expression, in vitro characterization, and deuterium labeling experiments

Item-person map of the final item bank.

<p>Note: On the left is the histogram of the estimated self-care performances from 215 children. On the right is the item difficulty aligned vertically. The number, for two-point items, indicates the item number, whereas the number also indicates the response category for three-point items. For example, 4.1 indicates the first step difficulty of item 4.</p

Reliability of CAT-SC under different test lengths.

<p>Note: CI = confidence interval.</p

Simulated dependence of perfusion-weighted signal to noise ratio (SNR_dM) on tagging duration and post-labeling delay in white matter.

<p>Transit delay (δ_WM) is increased from 1000 ms to 3000 ms, with a step of 400 ms. The dashed lines indicate the contours where SNR_dM = 1.</p