Increase of load bearing capacity of a square-form nanofilter

Square-form, multi-layered nanofilter membranes have been investigated experimentally and by numerical simulation to determine their load bearing capacity versus filtration ability. The effect of various topologies combining the thickness of a load-carrying layer and Si-reinforcement on the bursting pressure has been determined. Based upon the comparison of a performance index an optimal structure could be selected for later production

The Proton and Occam's Razor

Otto Stern's 1933 measurement of the unexpectedly large proton magnetic moment indicated to most physicists that the proton is not a point particle. At that time, many physicists modeled elementary particles as point particles, and therefore Stern's discovery initiated the speculation that the proton might be a composite particle. In this work, we show that despite being an elementary particle, the proton is an extended particle. Our work is motivated by the experimental data, which we review in section 1. By applying Occam's Razor principle, we identify a simple proton structure that explains the origin of its principal parameters. Our model uses only relativistic and electromagnetic concepts, highlighting the primary role of the electromagnetic potentials and of the magnetic flux quantum ΦM = h/e. Unlike prior proton models, our methodology does not violate Maxwell's equation, Noether's theorem, or the Pauli exclusion principle. Considering that the proton has an anapole (toroidal) magnetic moment, we propose that the proton is a spherical shaped charge that moves at the speed of light along a path that encloses a toroidal volume. A magnetic flux quantum ΦM = h/e stabilizes the proton's charge trajectory. The two curvatures of the toroidal and poloidal current loops are determined by the magnetic forces associated with ΦM. We compare our calculations against experimental data

Rethinking Electron Statistics Rules

Abstract The Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein statistics are considered to be key concepts in quantum mechanics, and they are used to explain the occupancy limit of electron orbitals. We investigate the physical origin of these two statistics and uncover that the key determining factor is whether an individual electron spin is measurable or not. Microscopically, a system with individually measurable electron spins corresponds to the presence of Larmor spin precession in electron–electron interactions, while the non-measurability of individual electron spins corresponds to the absence of Larmor spin precession. Both interaction types are possible, and the favored interaction type is thermodynamically determined. The absence of Larmor spin precession is realized in coherent electron states, and coherent electrons therefore obey Bose–Einstein statistics

Supervoids in the WISE-2MASS catalogue imprinting Cold Spots in the Cosmic Microwave Background

The Cold Spot (CS) is a clear feature in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB); it could be of primordial origin, or caused by a intervening structure along the line of sight. We identified a large projected underdensity in the recently constructed WISE-2MASS all-sky infrared galaxy catalogue aligned with the Cold Spot direction at $(l,b)\approx(209^\circ,-57^\circ)$. It has an angular size of tens of degrees, and shows a $\sim20\%$ galaxy underdensity in the center. Moreover, we find another large underdensity in the projected WISE-2MASS galaxy map at $(l,b)\approx(101^\circ,46^\circ)$ (hereafter Draco Supervoid), also aligned with a CMB decrement, although less significant than that of the CS direction. Motivated by these findings, we develop spherically symmetric Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) compensated void models to explain the observed CMB decrements with these two underdensities, or "supervoids". Within our perturbative treatment of the LTB voids, we find that the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe and Riess-Sciama effects due to the Draco Supervoid can account for the CMB decrement observed in the same direction. On the contrary, the extremely deep CMB decrement in the CS direction is more difficult to explain by the presence of the CS supervoid only. Nevertheless, the probability of a random alignment between the CS and the corresponding supervoid is disfavored, and thus its contribution as a secondary anisotropy cannot be neglected. We comment on how the approximations used in this paper, in particular the assumption of spherical symmetry, could change quantitatively our conclusions and might provide a better explanation for the CMB CS.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, major revision, new results, resubmitted to MNRA

Cosmology with Gamma-Ray Bursts Using k-correction

In the case of Gamma-Ray Bursts with measured redshift, we can calculate the k-correction to get the fluence and energy that were actually produced in the comoving system of the GRB. To achieve this we have to use well-fitted parameters of a GRB spectrum, available in the GCN database. The output of the calculations is the comoving isotropic energy E_iso, but this is not the endpoint: this data can be useful for estimating the {\Omega}M parameter of the Universe and for making a GRB Hubble diagram using Amati's relation.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures. Presented as a talk on the conference '7th INTEGRAL/BART Workshop 14 -18 April 2010, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic'. Published in Acta Polytechnic