Impact of Metrical Prosody on Performances

This thesis is about testing Frederick Turner and Ernst Pöppel\u27s claim that suggestmetrical poem tends to measure three seconds in terms of psychological limitwhen it is performed aloud. The objective of the study is to present metricalpoems as the new data to test their claim by using corpus analysis. Hereby, theresearcher uses publicly available 28 read-aloud poems from poetryoutloud.orgby using Praat to find the duration of each metrical line. The findings indicate thatthere are 18 English metrical poems with 314 lines in total, supported by metricaltree analysis, meanwhile there are 10 poems which are free verse and found that1) most lines have iamb feet, 2) 10 of the metrical pattern of the poems are iambicpentameter, whereas others are in diverse meter, 3) there is no psychological limiton the duration of metrical lines in performance as the researcher only founds62.73% that fit to the 3 seconds of temporal window based on the analysis in thecorpus of 314 metrical lines. This study has shown what Frederick Turner andErnst Pöppel claim is not methodologically proven

Temporal recalibration occurs with averaged SOAs.

<p>Probit analysis was used to fit the proportion of stimuli that participants judged as delayed for each SOA (ms) in Experiment 3: 100 ms, 66 ms+133 ms, and 33 ms+166 ms conditions. There was no change in delay judgments as a function of SOA condition.</p

Sequential analysis of averaged performance in Experiment 1.

<p>Each line represents the result of Probit analysis for each of four sequential blocks that include five sessions. Comparison among the four blocks showed no significant difference. Session 1–5 means the averaged data among first to fifth session, and so on.</p

Comparison of mean PSS and difficulty for Experiment 2.

<p>The average PSSs in 0 ms (control), 66 ms, and 133 ms conditions are 67.60 ms, 92.23 ms, and 112.10 ms; the average indices of difficulty are 21.04, 26.82, and 35.60, respectively. Significant differences of PSS were found between control and 66 ms condition (<i>p</i><.05), control and 133 ms condition (<i>p</i><.05), and 66 ms and 133 ms condition (<i>p</i><.01). There were no significant differences of the indices of difficulty.</p

Experimental procedure.

<p>(A) Time sequence in a single SOA session: participants were exposed to a uniform SOA (0 ms, 66 ms, or 133 ms) continuously during the adaptation and top-up phases, followed by a test phase where they judged each of seven SOAs in random order. (B) Visual cues presented for producing voice. Numbers on colored circles (red, blue, green and yellow) were presented for 1 s durations as an instructional countdown. Three blue circles meant rest for three seconds, ten green or yellow circles meant vocalization in the adaptation or top-up phases, respectively. Two red circles also meant vocalization but required participants to report their simultaneous judgment.</p

Proportion of ‘delayed’ responses on average and for each participant in Experiment 1.

<p>Data were fit with a probit function to capture the proportion of ‘delayed’ responses to each SOA (ms) in the simultaneous judgment task. The crossover point of each line and the horizontal line at 50% proportion of ‘delayed’ judgment was taken as the point of subjective similarity (PSS). The PSS calculated for each participant were 182.17, 79.51, 142.26, 59.40, 37.17, and 101.59 ms; the averaged value was 98.41 ms. Red line represents the averaged responses across six participants. P2 data represents the author's response.</p

Change of simultaneous judgment in Experiment 2.

<p>(A) Across participants, average PSS increased as a function of adapted SOA. (B–G) The trends for each participant.</p

Identification and molecular characterization of propionylcholinesterase, a novel pseudocholinesterase in rice

Cholinesterase is consisting of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase in vertebrates and invertebrates. AChE gene has been identified in several plant species, while pseudocholinesterase gene has not yet been found in any plant species. In this study, we report that the AChE gene paralog encodes propionylcholinesterase (PChE), a pseudocholinesterase in rice. PChE was found to be located adjacent to AChE (Os07g0586200) on rice chromosome 7 and designated as Os07g0586100. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed a close relationship between rice AChE and PChE. PChE-overexpressing rice had higher hydrolytic activity toward propionylthiocholine than acetylthiocholine and showed extremely low activity against butyrylthiocholine. Therefore, the PChE gene product was characterized as a propionylcholinesterase, a pseudocholinesterase. The rice PChE displayed lower sensitivity to the cholinesterase inhibitor, neostigmine bromide, than electric eel, maize, and rice AChEs. The recombinant PChE functions as a 171 kDa homotetramer. PChE was expressed during the later developmental stage, and it was found be localized in the extracellular spaces of the rice leaf tissue. These results suggest that the rice plant possesses PChE, which functions in the extracellular spaces at a later developmental stage. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence and molecular characterization of PChE in plants.</p

Synthesis of [5]Helicenes with a Substituent Exclusively on the Interior Side of the Helix by Metal-catalyzed Cycloisomerization

[5]Helicenes with a substituent exclusively oriented toward the interior curvature of the helix are synthesized by metal-catalyzed cycloisomerization. In addition, novel azulene-fused helicenes have been found through cycloisomerization studies. These [5]helicenes shows a high enough configurationally stability to allow resolution by HPLC on a chiral stationary phase

Organocatalytic Synthesis of Phenols from Diaryliodonium Salts with Water under Metal-Free Conditions

The metal-free synthesis of phenols from diaryliodonium salts with water was developed by using N-benzylpyridin-2-one as an organocatalyst. In this process, sterically congested, functionalized, and heterocycle-containing iodonium salts were smoothly converted to the desired products, and the clofibrate and mecloqualone derivatives were also synthesized in high yields. In addition, the gram-scale experiment was successfully carried out with 10 mmol of a sterically congested substrate