Biologically Active Substances of Salix Purpurea F. Gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. Schneid. (Salicaceae)

The medicinal raw materials of many representatives of the Salicaceae family have long been widely used both in folk medicine and in modern pharmaceuticals. Currently, some species of willow are official medicinal raw materials in some European countries. In 2014, "Salicis cortex" acquired the status of official medicinal raw material and included in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. In this regard, the study of biologically active compounds of different species, varieties and hybrid forms of willow is important, which will allow to expand the range of medicinal plant material both at the expense of local and at the expense of introduced species of willow, common in Ukraine.Aim. Study of qualitative and quantitative composition of biologically active substances of Salix purpurea f. Gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. Schneid., Growing in Ukraine.Methods of the research. The object of the study were dry shoots of the Salix purpurea f. Gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. Schneid. Plant raw materials were collected in 2016–2017 years by the NBS named after M. M. Grishko National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The component composition of volatile substances was determined using the Agilent Technologies 6890 chromatograph with a mass spectrometer detector 5973. The content of the phenolic substances was determined colorimetrically by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Component composition of phenolic substances was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the Prominence LC-20 Liquid Chromatographic System Shimadzu (Japan).Results. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of volatile compounds and phenolic substances of Salix purpurea f. Gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. Schneid shoots have been determined. It was established that the raw material contains rather high concentrations of volatile compounds, which are dominated by aromatic - in particular, geraniol and eugenol, among the terpenoids, squalene predominates. It was found that phenolic substances are represented by flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids. Among substances of phenolic nature dominated by flavanones. The conducted studies confirm the feasibility of further studies of willow species.Conclusions. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of volatile compounds and phenolic substances in Salix purpurea f. Gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. Schneid shoots have been determined. The studies significantly expanded the data on the chemical composition of raw materials of plants of the genus Salix L. Data obtained from the study of Salix purpurea f. Gracilis (Gren. & Godr.) C.K. Schneid will be used for the planning of pharmacological research and development of QCM for raw materials and medicine

Study of the Morphologo-anatomic Signs of Shoots of the Salix Caprea L. of Ukrainian Flora

Representatives of the Salicaceae family are valuable sources of medicinal plant material that has long been used in traditional medicine in many countries around the world. In European countries, some willow species are official plants. The bark of young branches of different willow species, including Salix purpurea L., Salix fragilis L., Salix daphnoides Vill., have been included in the edition of the European Pharmacopoeia and since 2014 to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Expanding the raw material base of medicinal plant raw materials is an urgent problem that can be solved through the introduction into the pharmaceutical practice of systematically close autochthonous and introduced willow species widespread in Ukraine.Aim. Determination of macro- and microscopic diagnostic features of the willow goat (Salix caprea L.) shoots growing in Ukraine, for the development of further regulatory documentation for medicinal plant raw materials and the use of standardized raw materials in the design of medicinal products based on willow shoots.Methods of the research. The object of the study were dry shoots of Salix caprea L. Vegetable raw materials were collected in May-August 2016-2018 in Kharkiv, Zakarpattia and Kiev region of Ukraine.Study of the morphological and anatomical structure of goat willow shoots was performed using the methods of light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the epidermal leaf tissue surface was further studied using scanning microscopy techniques.Results of the research. An in-depth study of the morphological and anatomical structure of the shoots of Salix caprea L. has been carried out and the main diagnostic macro- and microscopic features of perspective medicinal raw materials have been established.Conclusions. The obtained results significantly expand information on the anatomical structure of shoots of Salix caprea L. flora of Ukraine and will be used in the standardization of raw materials of species of the family Willo

Comparative Study of Phenolic Compounds of the Herb of Betonica L. Genus Species of Flora of Ukraine

Species of Betonica L. genus are widespread in Ukraine and contain different groups of biologically active substances: hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, tannins, iridoids, terpenoids, steroids, essential oil, organic acids, vitamin K, nitrogen-containing compounds, phenylethanoid glycosides. Species of Betonica L. genus show a wide range of pharmacological activity (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, choleretic, diuretic, sedative, antitumor, antihypertensive, etc.) and phenolic compounds are one of the most important and promising groups of biologically active substances of these plants. The aim. The aim of the work was to conduct a comparative study of the phenolic compounds of the herb of Betonica L. genus species of flora of Ukraine. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the herb of Betonica peraucta and Betonica brachydonta harvested in the phase of mass flowering of the plant in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The study of phenolic compounds was carried out by paper chromatography, HPLC and spectrophotometry. Results. 7 components of tannins, 4 flavonoids, 5 hydroxycinnamic acids, 2 coumarins were identified and quantified by HPLC in the studied raw material. The quantitative content of the main groups of phenolic compounds in the herb of Betonica peraucta and Betonica brachydonta was determined by the method of absorption spectrophotometry: polyphenols – 5.96 % and 4.82 %, tannins – 1.62 % and 0.68 %, flavonoids – 2.07 % and 1.13 %, hydroxycinnamic acids – 7.01 % and 3.58 %, respectively. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted studies it was found that the content of phenolic compounds in the herb of Betonica peraucta is significantly higher than in the herb of Betonica brachydonta. Therefore, this species is promising for further research and creation of new drug

Research in Components of Essential Oils From Flowers and Leaves of the Genus Alchemilla L. Species

The genus Alchemilla L. has about 1000 species in the world flora, of which 35 grow in Ukraine. The most common in Ukraine are A. flabellata Bus., A. phegophila Juz. and A. subrenata Bus. Despite the widespread distribution of species of the genus Alchemilla L. and the publication of a monograph on the herb of the collective species - Herba Alchemillae (Alchemiilla vulgaris L. sensu latiore) in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, the chemical composition, and pharmacological properties of species of the genus Alchemilla L. are insufficiently studied, therefore, it is advisable to study the chemical composition of the most common species of flora of Ukraine for their introduction into medical and pharmaceutical practice. The aim of the work was to study the component composition and quantitative content of essential oils of flowers and leaves of some species of the genus Alchemilla L. Materials and methods. Flowers and leaves of Alchemilla. flabellata Bus., Alchemilla phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus. harvested in the Ivano-Frankivsk region in 2020 - 2021. The component composition and quantitative content of essential oils were determined by chromato-mass spectrometric method. The compounds were identified by comparing the obtained mass spectra of the chromatographic peak with the mass spectra of the reference compounds and based on comparison with the spectra of the database. Quantitative determination of the content of substances in the raw material was performed in comparison with a standard sample of menthol. Results. The essential oil of flowers and leaves of Alchemilla. flabellata Bus., Alchemilla phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus were obtained. It was found that the highest content of essential oils was characterized by Alchemilla. flabellata Bus. flowers (16884.6 mg / kg), and the least essential oil was contained in the leaves of Alchemilla Phegophila Juz. (4895.5 mg / kg). As a result of studying the component composition of essential oils of flowers and leaves of Alchemilla flabellata Bus., Alchemilla Phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus. 48, 51 and 47 compounds were identified, of which 44, 48 and 43 were identified, respectively. 31 components of essential oil were common in the studied samples of raw materials. Conclusions. Due to the component composition of the essential oil of flowers and leaves of Alchemilla. flabellata Bus., Alchemilla phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus., as well as considering the known pharmacological activity of its components, it is advisable to conduct further pharmacological studies of raw materials of the genus Alchemilla L. to study their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor propertie

Research in Components of Essential Oils From Flowers and Leaves of the Genus Alchemilla L. Species

The genus Alchemilla L. has about 1000 species in the world flora, of which 35 grow in Ukraine. The most common in Ukraine are A. flabellata Bus., A. phegophila Juz. and A. subrenata Bus. Despite the widespread distribution of species of the genus Alchemilla L. and the publication of a monograph on the herb of the collective species - Herba Alchemillae (Alchemiilla vulgaris L. sensu latiore) in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, the chemical composition, and pharmacological properties of species of the genus Alchemilla L. are insufficiently studied, therefore, it is advisable to study the chemical composition of the most common species of flora of Ukraine for their introduction into medical and pharmaceutical practice. The aim of the work was to study the component composition and quantitative content of essential oils of flowers and leaves of some species of the genus Alchemilla L. Materials and methods. Flowers and leaves of Alchemilla. flabellata Bus., Alchemilla phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus. harvested in the Ivano-Frankivsk region in 2020 - 2021. The component composition and quantitative content of essential oils were determined by chromato-mass spectrometric method. The compounds were identified by comparing the obtained mass spectra of the chromatographic peak with the mass spectra of the reference compounds and based on comparison with the spectra of the database. Quantitative determination of the content of substances in the raw material was performed in comparison with a standard sample of menthol. Results. The essential oil of flowers and leaves of Alchemilla. flabellata Bus., Alchemilla phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus were obtained. It was found that the highest content of essential oils was characterized by Alchemilla. flabellata Bus. flowers (16884.6 mg / kg), and the least essential oil was contained in the leaves of Alchemilla Phegophila Juz. (4895.5 mg / kg). As a result of studying the component composition of essential oils of flowers and leaves of Alchemilla flabellata Bus., Alchemilla Phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus. 48, 51 and 47 compounds were identified, of which 44, 48 and 43 were identified, respectively. 31 components of essential oil were common in the studied samples of raw materials. Conclusions. Due to the component composition of the essential oil of flowers and leaves of Alchemilla. flabellata Bus., Alchemilla phegophila Juz. and Alchemilla subrenata Bus., as well as considering the known pharmacological activity of its components, it is advisable to conduct further pharmacological studies of raw materials of the genus Alchemilla L. to study their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor propertie

Standardization Parameters of Modified Extracts From Leonurus Cardiaca Herb

To date, in Ukraine there are 8 combined herbal medicines of Leonurus cardiaca registered in Ukraine, 10 national enterprises produce tincture of it and 3 national manufactures pack it herb. Tincture of Leonurus cardiaca has certain disadvantages: the instability of the chemical composition, and, accordingly, pharmacodynamics; contains ethyl alcohol, therefore it is contraindicated for children, pregnant women, persons whose activities require increased attention, etc. In this regard, the development of standardized drugs based on the tincture of herb of dog nettle, which would not contain ethanol in its composition, is an urgent taskAim. Determine the parameters of standardization of modified dry extract from tincture of Leonurus cardiaca and develop a draft quality control methodology for this substance.Methods of the research. The object of the study was dry extracts based on Leonurus cardiaca tinctures (Manufacturer: OAO "Lubnifarm", series 062021), which was modified with lysine. For analysis, three series of extracts were used.In determining the parameters of standardization of the obtained dry extract of Leonurus cardiaca herbs used standard pharmacopoeial techniques. The basis of development of quality control methods for dry extract of Leonurus cardiaca was taken SPHU monographs "Leonurus cardiaca grass", "Leonurus cardiaca tincture" and "Lysine hydrochloride".Results of the research. Parameters of standardization of modified dry extract of Leonurus cardiaca herbs are determined. It is proposed to control the quality of the obtained extract according to the following parameters: description, solubility, identification of the extract with TLC by the content of flavonoids, iridoids and lysine, mass loss during drying, residual organic solvents (ethanol), microbiological purity, heavy metal content, quantitative standardization conducted according to the content of flavonoids (not less than 2 %) and iridoids (not less than 0,5 %). Three series of extract were analyzed in accordance with the proposed MQC project, which fully met all the indicators.Conclusions. The parameters of standardization of modified dried extract of tincture of Leonurus cardiaca, which was obtained using lysine, were determined, and a draft quality control methodology was developed for this substance. Three series of extract were analyzed in accordance with the proposed MQC project, which fully met all the indicator

Phytochemical Study of Salvia Grandiflora and Salvia Officinalis Leaves for Establishing Prospects for Use in Medical and Pharmaceutical Practice

The raw material base of medicinal plants in Ukraine is sufficient only for half of the pharmacopoeial species. Most part of the medicinal plants is growing in insufficient quantities and there is a need for their import. In conditions of import dependence and a shortage of domestic plant materials, the search for new sources of biologically active substances among the representatives of the flora of Ukraine is an urgent task of modern pharmaceutical science.The aim of the work – conduct a comparative phytochemical study of the leaves of S. grandiflora and S. officinalis to establish the possibility of using the non-pharmacopeia species in pharmaceutical and medical practice.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are the leaves of S. grandiflora and S. officinalis, which was harvested in the botanical garden of the Lviv National University named after I. Franko. The study of macro- and microelement composition in the leaves of S. officinalis and S. grandiflora was carried out by atomic emission spectrographic method. Determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of the main groups of biologically active substances was carried out by HPLC. Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds was also carried out by spectrophotometric method.Results. The content of 15 micro and macro elements was found in both studied species. In the leaves of S. officinalis and S. grandiflora, 15 amino acids and 8 saponins were identified. Using HPLC, the qualitative composition and quantitative content of phenolic substances in the leaves of S. officinalis and S. grandiflora (13 and 9 compounds, respectively) was established.Discussion. The dominant macro and micro elements in the studied species were silicon, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium. The total content of trace elements in the leaves of S. grandiflora is 1.67 times greater than in the pharmacopeia plant S. officinalis. The dominant amino acids in the leaves of both species are glutamic acid, aspartic acid, valine and leucine.The dominant saponins in the leaf of S. officinalis were ursolic and oleanolic acids, the total content of which is 75.82 %. In the leaves of S.grandiflora, ursolic and euskapic acids were dominant, with a total content of 63.25 %.The total flavonoid content is higher in S. officinalis leaf and is 4.90 mg / g. The total content of hydroxycinnamic acids is highest in the leaf of S. grandiflora and is 4.49 mg / g, which is 221.18 % (2.21 times) higher than in the pharmacopeia plant S. officinalis (2.03 mg / g). The total highest content of caffeic acid derivatives prevails in the Salvia officinalis leaf (0.77 mg / g). The highest content of the sum of all detected phenolic compounds is specified for S. officinalis leaves and amounts to 6.93 mg / g.Conclusions. As a result of a comparative phytochemical study of the leaves of S. grandiflora and S. officinalis, it was established that S. grandiflora is a promising species for introduction into medical and pharmaceutical practice, namely, as a source of phenolic compound

Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Activity of the Dry Extract From Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Leaves Modified with Phenylalanine

Diseases of the urinary tract and kidneys occupy a leading place in the structure of diseases all over the world. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves are one of the most widely used types of medicinal plant materials (MPM) with diuretic and uroantiseptic action. However, a decoction from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi has certain disadvantages: the duration of the manufacturing process of the dosage form, the lack of standardization before use, the inaccuracy of dosage and the short storage time of the dosage form, which leads to a low complementarity of this remedy, therefore, the development of standardized extracts from this raw material is relevant.The aim. The aim of the research was a phytochemical study of a phenylalanine-modified dry extract from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi to establish the possibility of creating a new diuretic drug.Materials and methods. The object of the study was dry extract from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, modified with phenylalanine. Phytochemical studies of phenolic compounds and saponins were carried out by HPLC and spectrophotometry. Determination of diuretic activity was carried out according to the method of E.B. Berkhina on outbred rats. Determination of the anti-inflammatory activity of the obtained extracts was carried out by the method of carrageenan edema in white rats. The study of the antibacterial activity of the extracts was carried out by the method of diffusion into agar.Results. In the extracts obtained by HPLC, phenol glycoside (arbutin), 2 phenol carboxylic acids (gallic and ellagic), 6 flavonoids, 8 saponins were identified and their quantitative content was determined. Among flavonoids, hyperoside and catechin were dominant; among saponins, ursolic acid, uvaol, and lupeol were dominant. In the obtained extracts, the content of the main groups of phenolic compounds was determined by spectrophotometry.Dry extract of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, modified with phenylalanine, showed pronounced diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial (in relation to St. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans) activity.Conclusions. The chemical composition, diuretic, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of dry extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves modified with phenylalanine were determined. The obtained dry extract is noted for better solubility, bioavailability and pharmacodynamics, therefore it is a promising substance for creating new drugs in various dosage form

Research in Phytochemical Composition and Hypoglycemic Activity Screening of the Dry Extracts From Bearberry Leaves

Diabetes mellitus is a global medical and social issue. In the developed countries of the world, from 5 to 12% of the population are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and, according to WHO prognosis, the level of this disease may increase to 30-35%. Type 2 diabetes is a disease that progresses over time, but the rational and systematic use of hypoglycemic synthetic drugs and phytopreparations can significantly delay the onset of insulin therapy. A promising source of BAS with a hypoglycemic effect is the raw material of plants of the Heather family, namely, bearberry leaves. However, on the Ukrainian market there are no domestic galenic and novo-galenic preparations based on biologically active substances of this raw material, which indicates the prospects for the development of new drugs, including those with hypoglycemic action. The aim. The aim of the study was to study the phytochemical composition and to carry out a screening of the hypoglycemic activity of dry extracts from bearberry leaves modified with various amino acids to identify promising substances with hypoglycemic action. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 11 dry extracts from bearberry leaves, 10 of which were modified with various amino acids. The study of the phenolic compounds of the extracts was carried out by TLC, HPLC, and spectrophotometry. To assess the hypoglycemic activity of the extracts, two experiments were carried out - primary screening and oral glucose tolerance test. Results. Using TLC and HPLC, in the extracts obtained arbutin, gallic acid, 5 flavonoids were identified, among which hyperoside was dominant, 4 hydroxycinnamic acids, among which chlorogenic and caffeic acids were dominant, and their content was established. In the extracts obtained, main groups of phenolic compounds were quantified using a spectrophotometric method. Dry extracts from bearberry leaves, modified with cysteine, arginine and glutamic acid, showed the strongest hypoglycemic activity. Conclusions. The chemical composition of phenolic compounds and the hypoglycemic activity of dry extracts from bearberry leaves modified with 10 different amino acids were determined. The most promising substances turned out to be extracts modified with cysteine, arginine and glutamic acid; therefore, they are promising agents for the development of new drugs

Chromato-mass-spectrometric Research in Salvia Grandiflora L., Salvia Pratensis L. and Salvia Verticillata L. Aboveground Organs

The genus Salvia L. has more than 900 species distributed throughout the globe. 21 species are growing in Ukraine. All species of this genus have essential oils. Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea have been used in the culture and are widely used in medical practice. The chemical composition of other species of sage and the possibility of their use in pharmaceutical and medical practice are almost not studied. Taking into account the results of chemotaxonomic studies of species of the flora genus of Ukraine, their prevalence and prospects for introduction into the culture, for further studies were selected raw materials of S. grandiflora, S. pratensis and S. verticillata. The aim. The aim of the study was to conduct a chromato-mass spectrometric study of the aboveground organs of S. grandiflora L., S. pratensis L. and S. verticillata L. to establish the prospects for the use of raw materials of these species in medical and pharmaceutical practice. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were leaves of S. officinalis, leaves, stems and flowers of S. grandiflora, S. pratensis and S. verticillata, which were harvested on the basis of the botanical garden of Ivan Franko National University of Lviv. The research of volatile substances in the objects of the research was carried out by the method of GC-MS on the basis of the Department of Natural Sciences for Foreign Students and Toxicological Chemistry of Zaporizhia State Medical University. Results. As a result of the study, 243 substances were found in the objects of the study, of which 149 were identified. 77 substances were found in the leaves of S. officinalis, 80, 26 and 63 substances in the leaves, stems and flowers of S. grandiflora, respectively, in the leaves , stems and flowers of S. pratensis – 28, 30 and 48 substances, respectively, in leaves, stems and flowers of S. verticillata – 39, 22 and 39 substances, respectively. Dominant compounds among substances of terpenoid nature are: cyclofenchene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, camphor borneol, caryophyllene, humulene, viridiflorol, sabinene, pyranone, β-pinene, phytol, kolavenol, β-copaen, loliolide, pseudolimonene and spatulenol. Among the dominant substances, 8 were detected for the first time in these species: cyclofenchene, viridiflorol, sabinene, pyranone, phytol, kolavenol, loliolide and pseudolimonene. Conclusions. The leaves of S. officinalis, leaves, stems and flowers of S. grandiflora, S. pratensis and S. verticillata of the flora of Ukraine were studied by chromato-mass spectrometric method. As a result of the study, 243 substances were identified, of which 149 were identified. Promising raw materials containing terpene compounds for S. grandiflora there are leaves, and for S. pratensis and S. verticillata – flowers, so they are promising agents for introduction into pharmaceutical practic