UAG-arbeid i Statens vegvesen; "Hva kan bidra til forbedret læring av arbeidet med dybdeanalyser av dødsulykker i Statens vegvesen"

Kurs i sikkerhetsstyringProsjektoppgave EPT 100 Sikkerhetsstyring i vegtrafikken – høsten 2011. Universitet i Stavanger/Statens vegvesen

A Pooled Analysis of Body Mass Index and Mortality among African Americans

Pooled analyses among whites and East Asians have demonstrated positive associations between all-cause mortality and body mass index (BMI), but studies of African Americans have yielded less consistent results. We examined the association between BMI and all-cause mortality in a sample of African Americans pooled from seven prospective cohort studies: NIH-AARP, 1995–2009; Adventist Health Study 2, 2002–2008; Black Women's Health Study, 1995–2009; Cancer Prevention Study II, 1982–2008; Multiethnic Cohort Study, 1993–2007; Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Screening Trial, 1993–2009; Southern Community Cohort Study, 2002–2009. 239,526 African Americans (including 100,175 never smokers without baseline heart disease, stroke, or cancer), age 30–104 (mean 52) and 71% female, were followed up to 26.5 years (mean 11.7). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for mortality were derived from multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Among healthy, never smokers (11,386 deaths), HRs (CI) for BMI 25–27.4, 27.5–29.9, 30–34.9, 35–39.9, 40–49.9, and 50–60 kg/m2 were 1.02 (0.92–1.12), 1.06 (0.95–1.18), 1.32 (1.18–1.47), 1.54 (1.29–1.83), 1.93 (1.46–2.56), and 1.93 (0.80–4.69), respectively among men and 1.06 (0.99–1.15), 1.15 (1.06–1.25), 1.24 (1.15–1.34), 1.58 (1.43–1.74), 1.80 (1.60–2.02), and 2.31 (1.74–3.07) respectively among women (reference category 22.5–24.9). HRs were highest among those with the highest educational attainment, longest follow-up, and for cardiovascular disease mortality. Obesity was associated with a higher risk of mortality in African Americans, similar to that observed in pooled analyses of whites and East Asians. This study provides compelling evidence to support public health efforts to prevent excess weight gain and obesity in African Americans

Do Political Risks Harm Development of Oil Fields?

We examine the impact of political risks and financial development on investments in the petroleum industry utilizing a unique dataset of investments in individual oil and gas fields around the world. We find that the expected time to investment is shorter in countries that are politically stable, have solid property rights protection and more developed financial systems. Political risks have the strongest impact on multinational companies, whereas financial development matters only for domestic national oil companies. At the company level we find that expected time to investment is shorter for companies with higher valuation and lower debt. Moreover, companies are more likely to invest in countries where they invested recently and less likely to invest in countries where their competitors invested recently.acceptedVersio

Descriptive characteristics of African American participants in seven cohorts included in African American BMI-Mortality Pooling Project.

<p>AARP  =  NIH-AARP (formally known as the American Association of Retired Persons) Diet and Health Study; AHS2  =  Adventist Health Study 2; BWHS  =  Black Women's Health Study; CPSII  =  Cancer Prevention Study II; MEC  =  Multiethnic Cohort Study; PLCO  =  Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial; SCCS  =  Southern Community Cohort Study</p>a<p>Population of ‘All eligible' includes 239,526 participants as follows: 256,409 participants provided by cohorts less N = 8899 missing BMI, N = 234 with BMI <15 kg/m², N = 330 with BMI >60 kg/m², N = 7 with missing gender, N = 37 with missing age at enrollment, N = 7343 with one year or less of follow-up, and N = 33 people who ended follow-up before age 30.</p>b<p>Age at enrollment into individual cohorts.</p>c<p>Population of ‘Healthy, non-smokers' includes 109,849 participants as follows: 239,526 eligible participants less 116,253 for former or current cigarette smoking, 5579 for cancer, 5731 for heart disease/heart attack, and 2114 for stroke. Covariates selected <i>a priori</i> for inclusion in multivariate models include education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and marital status.</p>d<p>Characteristics tabulated for All Eligible population.</p>e<p>The BWHS did not differentiate between post high school and some college in ascertainment of educational attainment.</p>f<p>Includes heart disease, heart attack, stroke, or cancer (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer).</p><p>Descriptive characteristics of African American participants in seven cohorts included in African American BMI-Mortality Pooling Project.</p

Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality according to categories of body mass index among African American participants without chronic illness^a at baseline who never smoked, stratified by duration of follow-up and educational attainment.

a<p>Chronic illness includes heart disease, stroke, or cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer).</p>b<p>Participants from only 4 cohorts with duration of follow-up 12+ years (AARP, BWHS, CPSII, and MEC).</p><p>Models adjusted for sex, education, marital status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Models stratified by cohort. Age-adjusted death rates among referent BMI category (22.5–24.9) were 7.1, 10.1, and 9.4 per 1,000 person-years for strata of follow-up of <6 years, -<12 years, and 12+ years, respectively. Age-standardized death rates among referent BMI category (22.5–24.9) were 11.7, 9.4, and 6.9 per 1,000 person-years for strata of < high school, high school, and greater than high school education, respectively. Age-standardized according to the US 2000 Standard Population using 5-year age increments.</p><p>Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality according to categories of body mass index among African American participants without chronic illness^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111980#nt110" target="_blank">a</a>} at baseline who never smoked, stratified by duration of follow-up and educational attainment.</p

Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality according to categories of body mass index among African American participants without chronic illness^a at baseline who never smoked.

a<p>Chronic illness includes heart disease, stroke, or cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer).</p><p>Models adjusted for sex, education, marital status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Models stratified by cohort. Age-standardized death rates among referent BMI category (22.5-24.9) were 11.7, 6.8, and 7.8 per 1,000 person-years for males, females, and the total population, respectively. Age-standardized according to the US 2000 Standard Population using 5-year age increments.</p><p>Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality according to categories of body mass index among African American participants without chronic illness^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111980#nt108" target="_blank">a</a>} at baseline who never smoked.</p

Association between body mass index and all-cause mortality, stratified by sex.

<p>Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for the association between body mass index (BMI) and all-cause mortality among never smokers with no baseline chronic illness (including heart disease, stroke, or cancer of any type except non-melanoma skin cancer), and among all participants, stratified by sex. NOTE: All models stratified by cohort and adjusted for education, marital status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Models including all participants were further adjusted for cigarette smoking status.</p