The Great Shift: the rise of México and the Decline of Peru in the Spanish American Colonial Empire, 1680-1809

Editada en Fundación Empresa PúblicaA partir de la reconstrucción de las cuentas de la Real Tesorería para las tres principales colonias de Hispanoamérica desde el último cuarto del siglo XVII a la primera década del siglo XIX, el ensayo reconstruye el destino cambiante de los ingresos y gastos reales en estas cruciales economías americamis. Los vicerreinatos de Perú y México y la Audiencia de Charcos fueron las principales fuentes del superávit en las colonias americanas. Hasta 1700, las dos regiones andinas dominaron el sistema colonial hispanoamericano en términos de ingresos reales generados y de plata producida para ser exportada a Europa. Sin embargo, estas regiones comenzaron a declinar en el siglo XVIII. Los diferentes tipos de ingresos y de gastos reales y su evolución son analizados para cada una de estas tres colonias a fin de determinar sus tendencias a largo plazo y su importancia relativa.Using the reconstructed royal treasury records for the trhee principal colonies of Spanish America from the last quarter of the 17th century to the first decade of the 19th century this essay constructs the changin fortunes of royal income and expenditures in these crucial American economies. The viceroyalties of Perú and Mexico an the Audiencia of Charcas were the principal sources of surplus revenues in the American colonies. Until 1700 the two Andean regions dominated the Spanish American colonial system in terms of generating royal income and in producing silver for export to Europe. But these soon declined relative to Mexico wich in the 18th century became to dominant economy and major source of royal income. The various royal revenues and expenditures and their performance over time are analyzed for all trhee colonies to determine the long term trends in dieir growth and relative importance.Publicad

Flying car design and testing

This paper is primarily concerned with the inverted design process and manufacture of a flying car prototype which can overcome the problem of traffic management in the world today. A possible solution to the problem of overcrowded roads would be to design a flying or hovering car. Given technological advances in aircraft construction, navigation and operation, flying cars or personal aircraft are now a feasible proposition. The viability of such a concept was investigated in terms of producing a conceptual design for a two-person carrying flying vehicle, manufacturing a flying prototype followed by ground and initial flight testing

Inhomogeneous Shadowing Effects on J/\psi Production in dA Collisions

We study the effect of spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous shadowing on $J/\psi$ production in deuterium-nucleus collisions. We discuss how the shadowing and its spatial dependence may be measured by comparing central and peripheral $dA$ collisions. These event classes may be selected by using gray protons from heavy ion breakup and events where the proton or neutron in the deuterium does not interact. We find that inhomogenous shadowing has a significant effect on central $dA$ collisions, larger than is observed in central $AA$ collisions. The inhomogeneity may be measured by comparing the rapidity dependence of $J/\psi$ production in central and peripheral collisions. Results are presented for $d$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV and $d$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 6.2$ TeV.Comment: 10 pgs with 3 figure

Reconstructing the geometric structure of a Riemannian symmetric space from its Satake diagram

The local geometry of a Riemannian symmetric space is described completely by the Riemannian metric and the Riemannian curvature tensor of the space. In the present article I describe how to compute these tensors for any Riemannian symmetric space from the Satake diagram, in a way that is suited for the use with computer algebra systems. As an example application, the totally geodesic submanifolds of the Riemannian symmetric space SU(3)/SO(3) are classified. The submission also contains an example implementation of the algorithms and formulas of the paper as a package for Maple 10, the technical documentation for this implementation, and a worksheet carrying out the computations for the space SU(3)/SO(3) used in the proof of Proposition 6.1 of the paper.Comment: 23 pages, also contains two Maple worksheets and technical documentatio

Recent ν\nus from IceCube

IceCube is a 1 km$^3$ neutrino detector now being built at the South Pole. Its 4800 optical modules will detect Cherenkov radiation from charged particles produced in neutrino interactions. IceCube will search for neutrinos of astrophysical origin, with energies from 100 GeV up to $10^{19}$ eV. It will be able to separate $\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$. In addition to detecting astrophysical neutrinos, IceCube will also search for neutrinos from WIMP annihilation in the Sun and the Earth, look for low-energy (10 MeV) neutrinos from supernovae, and search for a host of exotic signatures. With the associated IceTop surface air shower array, it will study cosmic-ray air showers. IceCube construction is now 50% complete. After presenting preliminary results from the partial detector, I will discuss IceCube's future plans.Comment: Invited talk presented at Neutrino 2008; 7 page

Towards precision distances and 3D dust maps using broadband Period--Magnitude relations of RR Lyrae stars

We determine the period-magnitude relations of RR Lyrae stars in 13 photometric bandpasses from 0.4 to 12 {\mu}m using timeseries observations of 134 stars. The Bayesian formalism, extended from our previous work to include the effects of line-of-sight dust extinction, allows for the simultaneous inference of the posterior distribution of the mean absolute magnitude, slope of the period-magnitude power-law, and intrinsic scatter about a perfect power-law for each bandpass. In addition, the distance modulus and line-of-sight dust extinction to each RR Lyrae star in the calibration sample is determined, yielding a sample median fractional distance error of 0.66%. The intrinsic scatter in all bands appears to be larger than the photometric errors, except in WISE W1 (3.4 {\mu}m) and W2 (4.6 {\mu}m) where the photometric error ($\sigma \approx 0.05$ mag) is to be comparable or larger than the intrinsic scatter. Additional observations at these wavelengths could improve the inferred distances to these sources further. As an application of the methodology, we infer the distance to the RRc-type star RZCep at low Galactic latitude ($b = 5.5^\circ$) to be $\mu=8.0397\pm0.0123$ mag ($405.4\pm2.3$ pc) with colour excess $E(B-V)=0.2461\pm0.0089$ mag. This distance, equivalent to a parallax of $2467\pm14$ microarcsec, is consistent with the published HST parallax measurement but with an uncertainty that is 13 times smaller than the HST measurement. If our measurements (and methodology) hold up to scrutiny, the distances to these stars have been determined to an accuracy comparable to those expected with Gaia. As RR Lyrae are one of the primary components of the cosmic distance ladder, the achievement of sub-1% distance errors within a formalism that accounts for dust extinction may be considered a strong buttressing of the path to eventual 1% uncertainties in Hubble's constant.Comment: 21 pages, 29 figures, 2 tables, abstract abridged for arXiv. Comments solicited on referee report (received June 9, 2014) linked: https://gist.github.com/profjsb/c6c4e2f3a20ea02f1762 . Public archive of code used to generate results and figures: https://github.com/ckleinastro/period_luminosity_relation_fittin

Ion-exchange hollow fibers

An ion-exchange hollow fiber is prepared by introducing into the wall of the fiber polymerizable liquid monomers, and polymerizing the monomers therein to form solid, insoluble, crosslinked, ion-exchange resin particles which embed in the wall of the fiber. Excess particles blocking the central passage or bore of the fiber are removed by forcing liquid through the fiber. The fibers have high ion-exchange capacity, a practical wall permeability and good mechanical strength even with very thin wall dimensions. Experimental investigation of bundles of ion-exchange hollow fibers attached to a header assembly have shown the fiber to be very efficient in removing counterions from solution