KUINKA AVUSTAN LÄHEISTÄNI? : Toiminnallinen iltapäivä omaishoitajille ergonomisesta työskentelystä

Opinnäytetyön tilaaja oli Kokkolan vanhuspalvelut. Kotihoidon työntekijät olivat huomanneet puutteita omaishoitajien työergonomiassa ja tuoneet esiin tarpeen järjestää heille aiheesta koulutusta. Omaishoito ja omaishoitajien jaksaminen on ajankohtainen asia. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin projektina yhteistyössä Kokkolan vanhuspalveluiden ja SenioriKaste-hankkeen kanssa. Projektin tarkoituksena oli järjestää Kokkolan seudun omaishoitajille toiminnallinen iltapäivä ergonomisesta työskentelystä. Projektin tavoitteena oli vähentää omaishoitajien työn kuormittavuutta opettamalla heitä hyödyntämään oman kehon painopisteitä ja luonnollisia liikeratoja avustamis- ja hoitotoimenpiteissä. Projekti sisälsi toiminnallisten iltapäivien suunnittelun, toteutuksen ja kirjallisen osuuden. Tietoperustassa käsittelimme omaishoitoa ja ergonomiaa. Projektin suunnittelu-osiossa selvitimme myös ohjausmenetelmiä omaishoitajille. Toiminnallisia iltapäiviä järjestettiin kolme samanlaista kevään 2016 aikana Kokkolassa, kaksi suomenkielistä ja yksi ruotsinkielinen. Omaishoitajat kutsuttiin tilaisuuteen kirjeillä. Toiminnalliset iltapäivät rakentuivat luennosta, apuväline-esittelystä ja käytännön harjoitteista. Luennoitsijoina toimivat alan asiantuntijat. Lopuksi omaishoitajat vastasivat palautekyselyyn. Omaishoitajilla ei ollut ennestään tietoa perusergonomiasta. Apuvälineiden tuntemuksessa oli myös puutteita. Saamamme palautteen perusteella omaishoitajat kokivat toiminnallisen iltapäivän hyödyllisenä. Se antoi heille perustietoa ergonomiasta ja toimintamalleja käytännön harjoitteiden avulla. Omaishoitajat saivat tiedon lisäksi myös vertaistukea. SenioriKaste-hankkeen asiantuntijat kokivat toiminnallisten iltapäivien järjestämisen tärkeäksi myös tulevaisuudessa.The subscriber for this thesis was the Elderly Care of Kokkola. The workers of the Home Care Unit had noticed lacking skills in work ergonomics of the caregivers and had brought up the need for training. Coping with workload is a current issue among caregivers. The thesis was executed in co-operation with the Elderly Care of Kokkola and the SenioriKaste project. The purpose of the project was to organize a functional afternoon for the caregivers of Kokkola region regarding ergonomic ways of working. The aim of the project was to reduce workload of the caregivers by educating them how to utilize natural trajectories of their body when assisting and giving treatment. The project included planning and executing the functional afternoon as well as the written part. In the knowledge base we covered care and ergonomics. In the planning part we explained training methods for carers. During the spring of 2016 we organized three similar functional afternoons, out of which 2 were conducted in Finnish and one in Swedish. Carers were invited by letters. The functional afternoon consisted of: lecture, presentation of technical aids and practical exercises. As lecturers we had professionals in the field. As an ending the carers answered a feedback questionnaire. The carers had no previous knowledge regarding basic ergonomic working methods. There was also lack of knowledge regarding technical aids. According to the feedback the carers experienced the afternoon to be useful. It gave them basic information regarding ergonomics and procedures through practical exercises. In addition to information the carers also received peer support from other participants. The experts from the SenioriKaste project also supported organizing similar days in the future

Short, Divergent, and Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Bioactive <i>ent</i>-Pimaranes

We present the first total synthesis of eight ent-pimaranes via a short and enantioselective route (11–16 steps). Key features of the divergent synthesis are a Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, a Brønsted acid catalyzed cationic bicyclization, and a mild Rh-catalyzed arene hydrogenation for rapid access to a late synthetic branching point. From there on, selective functional group manipulations enable the synthesis of ent-pimaranes bearing different modifications in the A- and C-rings

Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes Containing N- and C‑Chelating N‑Heterocyclic Carbenes

Six molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes bearing an N-chelating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), i.e., Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)₂ (<b>1</b>), Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)­(OC₆F₅) (<b>3</b>), Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)­(OCMe₃) (<b>4</b>), and their cationic counterparts [Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)]­B­(Ar^F)₄ (<b>2</b>), [Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OC₆F₅)]­B­(Ar^F)₄ (<b>5</b>), and [Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OCMe₃)]­B­(Ar^F)₄ (<b>6</b>), have been prepared. The influence of the alkoxide ligand on the loss of triflate in the hexacoordinated complexes <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> resulting in the corresponding cationic complexes was studied. The 2-pyridyl-donor-functionalized NHC ligand renders the high oxidation state cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes highly stable and in ultimate consequence mostly inactive in olefin metathesis even at elevated temperatures. Notably, the molybdenum imido alkylidene complex Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-mesityl-3-(C₉H₁₁)-imidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf) (<b>9</b>) with a C-chelating NHC formed via C–H activation and was isolated in 76% yield

Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene Complexes Containing N- and C‑Chelating N‑Heterocyclic Carbenes

Six molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes bearing an N-chelating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), i.e., Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)₂ (<b>1</b>), Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)­(OC₆F₅) (<b>3</b>), Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)­(OCMe₃) (<b>4</b>), and their cationic counterparts [Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf)]­B­(Ar^F)₄ (<b>2</b>), [Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OC₆F₅)]­B­(Ar^F)₄ (<b>5</b>), and [Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-(2-pyridyl)­methylene-3-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)­(OCMe₃)]­B­(Ar^F)₄ (<b>6</b>), have been prepared. The influence of the alkoxide ligand on the loss of triflate in the hexacoordinated complexes <b>1</b>, <b>3</b>, and <b>4</b> resulting in the corresponding cationic complexes was studied. The 2-pyridyl-donor-functionalized NHC ligand renders the high oxidation state cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes highly stable and in ultimate consequence mostly inactive in olefin metathesis even at elevated temperatures. Notably, the molybdenum imido alkylidene complex Mo­(N-2,6-Me₂-C₆H₃)­(CHCMe₂Ph)­(1-mesityl-3-(C₉H₁₁)-imidazol-2-ylidene)­(OTf) (<b>9</b>) with a C-chelating NHC formed via C–H activation and was isolated in 76% yield

Total Synthesis of Salimabromide: A Tetracyclic Polyketide from a Marine Myxobacterium

Salimabromide is an antibiotic polyketide that was previously isolated from the obligate marine myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina, and its densely functionalized and conformationally rigid tetracyclic framework is unprecedented in nature. Herein we report the first chemical synthesis of the target structure by employing a series of well-orchestrated, robust transformations, highlighted by an acid-promoted, powerful Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement/Friedel–Crafts cyclization sequence to forge the two adjacent quaternary carbon centers embedded in the tetrahydronaphthalene. A high-yielding ketiminium mediated [2+2]-cycloaddition was also utilized for the simultaneous construction of the remaining three stereocenters

Total Synthesis of Salimabromide: A Tetracyclic Polyketide from a Marine Myxobacterium

Salimabromide is an antibiotic polyketide that was previously isolated from the obligate marine myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina, and its densely functionalized and conformationally rigid tetracyclic framework is unprecedented in nature. Herein we report the first chemical synthesis of the target structure by employing a series of well-orchestrated, robust transformations, highlighted by an acid-promoted, powerful Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement/Friedel–Crafts cyclization sequence to forge the two adjacent quaternary carbon centers embedded in the tetrahydronaphthalene. A high-yielding ketiminium mediated [2+2]-cycloaddition was also utilized for the simultaneous construction of the remaining three stereocenters

The Indium Borate In₁₉B₃₄O₇₄(OH)₁₁ with T2 Supertetrahedra

The trigonal indium borate In₁₉B₃₄O₇₄(OH)₁₁ was synthesized in a Walker-type multianvil apparatus under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions of 13 GPa and 1150 °C. The crystal structure could be determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at room temperature. In₁₉B₃₄O₇₄(OH)₁₁ crystallizes in the trigonal space group <i>R</i>3̅ (Z = 3) with the lattice parameters <i>a</i> = 1802.49(6) pm, <i>c</i> = 1340.46(5) pm, and <i>V</i> = 3.7716(3) nm³. The structure of In₁₉B₃₄O₇₄(OH)₁₁ contains alternating B–O T2 supertetrahedra units. The presence of hydroxyl groups was confirmed with vibrational spectroscopic methods such as Raman and IR. Besides H₂InB₅O₁₀, In₁₉B₃₄O₇₄(OH)₁₁ is now the second known compound in the system In–B–O–H

Computational and Experimental Characterization of Five Crystal Forms of Thymine: Packing Polymorphism, Polytypism/Disorder, and Stoichiometric 0.8-Hydrate

New polymorphs of thymine emerged in an experimental search for solid forms, which was guided by the computationally generated crystal energy landscape. Three of the four anhydrates (AH) are homeoenergetic (<b>A</b>° – <b>C</b>), and their packing modes differ only in the location of oxygen and hydrogen atoms. <b>AHs A</b>° and <b>B</b> are ordered phases, whereas <b>AH C</b> shows disorder (X-ray diffuse scattering). Analysis of the crystal energy landscape for alternative <b>AH C</b> hydrogen bonded ribbon motifs identified a number of different packing modes, whose three-dimensional structures were calculated to deviate by less than 0.24 kJ mol^–1 in lattice energy. These structures provide models for stacking faults. The three anhydrates <b>A</b>° – <b>C</b> show strong similarity in their powder X-ray diffraction, thermoanalytical, and spectroscopic (IR and Raman) characteristics. The already known anhydrate <b>AH A</b>° was identified as the thermodynamically most stable form at ambient conditions; <b>AH B</b> and <b>AH C</b> are metastable but show high kinetic stability. The hydrate of thymine is stable only at water activities (<i>a</i>_w) > 0.95 at temperatures ≤ 25 °C. It was found to be a stoichiometric hydrate despite being a channel hydrate with an unusual water:thymine ratio of 0.8:1. Depending on the dehydration conditions, either <b>AH C</b> or <b>AH D</b> is obtained. The hydrate is the only known precursor to <b>AH D</b>. This study highlights the value and complementarity of simultaneous explorations of computationally and experimentally generated solid form landscapes of a small molecule anhydrate ↔ hydrate system

Synthesis and Characterization of the New Strontium Borogermanate Sr_{3–<i>x</i>/2}B_2–<i>x</i>Ge_4+<i>x</i>O₁₄ (<i>x</i> = 0.32)

The strontium borogermanate Sr_{3–<i>x</i>/2}B_2–<i>x</i>Ge_4+<i>x</i>O₁₄ (<i>x</i> = 0.32) was synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction of SrO, GeO₂, and H₃BO₃ in a NaF/KF flux system using platinum crucibles. The structure determination revealed that Sr_{3–<i>x</i>/2}B_2–<i>x</i>Ge_4+<i>x</i>O₁₄ (<i>x</i> = 0.32) crystallizes in the trigonal space group <i>P</i>321 (No. 150) with the parameters <i>a</i> = 800.7(2) and <i>c</i> = 488.8(2) pm, with <i>R</i>1 = 0.0281, <i>wR</i>2 = 0.0671 (all data), and <i>Z</i> = 1. The crystal structure of Sr_{3–<i>x</i>/2}B_2–<i>x</i>Ge_4+<i>x</i>O₁₄ (<i>x</i> = 0.32) consists of distorted SrO₈ cubes, GeO₆ octahedra, GeO₄ tetrahedra, and BO₄ tetrahedra. In addition to the structural investigations, Raman and IR spectroscopic investigations were carried out

Narrow-Band Red Emission in the Nitridolithoaluminate Sr₄[LiAl₁₁N₁₄]:Eu²⁺

The new narrow-band red-emitting phosphor material Sr₄[LiAl₁₁N₁₄]:Eu²⁺ was synthesized by solid-state reaction using a tungsten crucible with a cover plate in a tube furnace. When excited with blue light (460 nm), it exhibits red fluorescence with an emission maximum at 670 nm and a full width at half-maximum of 1880 cm^–1 (∼85 nm). The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. This new compound from the group of the nitridolithoaluminates crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group <i>Pnnm</i> (No. 58) with the following unit-cell parameters: <i>a</i> = 10.4291(7) Å, <i>b</i> = 10.4309(7) Å, and <i>c</i> = 3.2349(2) Å. Sr₄[LiAl₁₁N₁₄]:Eu²⁺ shows a pronounced tetragonal pseudo-symmetry. It consists of a framework of disordered (Al/Li)­N₄ and AlN₄ tetrahedra that are connected to each other by common corners and edges. Along the [001] direction, the tetrahedral network creates empty four-membered-ring channels as well as five-membered-ring channels, in which the Sr²⁺ cations are located