888 research outputs found
A Trip Down Memory Lane:How photograph insertion methods trigger emotional memory and enhance recall during interviews
The purpose of the paper is to explore the potential of photoâelicitation as a data generating method. Photo-elicitation is rarely used for data generation, despite the considerable promise of this method. Our empirical investigation focused on peopleâs emotions and experiences of dual systems in Kazakhstan, a country currently undergoing change from the old-Soviet system to a new market economy. In addition to semi-structured interviews, we use photographs in order to enhance emotional connection and recall. We use the imagery as a device to generate data, and more specifically, data on individual and social perspectives that are integral to particular experiences. We argue that photo-elicitation can bring out peoplesâ lived experiences of the social context being investigated. We explain why and how to use the method in practice
Modeling and evaluation of laminated windings
Electrical machines in electrical vehicles are sometimes put under a lot of stress when for example climbing an uphill road. In order for the machine to cope with the heat generation that comes of running extended periods of time near or at peak power one needs a highly developed cooling system. At the division of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation (IEA), located at Lunds Tekniska Högskola (LTH), a new and innovative winding design is developed which make cooling the machine more efficient. The winding consists of a laminated sheet which is rolled in a spiral. There is a small space between each winding turn making it possible for an air stream to flow through cooling the conductive sheets. The cooling capabilities of such design are evaluated throughout this thesis. Measurements are performed on two prototype winding built at IEA. The measurement rig are built solely for this purpose mainly in order to maintain the right measurement, a great deal of time during the thesis is put on perfecting the rig. Beside measurements are numerical models of the winding built in Comsol Multiphysics, both in 2 and 3 dimensions. Besides numerical modeling is an analytical model built with help of Matlab. The analytical model is used, among else, to simulate transient conditions and drive cycle analysis of an electrical machine suited for a bus. Results from simulations and measurement show that the laminated winding is able to cope with high amounts current without harm due to the effective cooling. Simulations show an ability to use current densities in the winding stretching towards 30 A/mm2 and still are able to keep tolerable temperatures. Results also point out weaknesses in the winding construction in form of sensitivity to winding geometries of certain type as well as unevenly spaced winding turns. Ways to improve the cooling performance of the winding by altering the geometry and improving the construction process are discussed in this thesis. The electrical machines used today are often oversized in order to thermally handle the periods of excessive power need. The effectiveness of such a machine is best during these short stretches of high power output even if they nominally are driven at a much lower power where the effectiveness is worse. The laminated winding design enables the use of smaller machines with peak efficiency at nominal drive that still are able to cope the periods of extreme power need due to the effective cooling
Challenges in Meeting Accessibility Needs in a fast-evolving Digital Environment
This article explores the evolving landscape of assistive technology in the digital age, where accessibility features are increasingly integrated into mainstream products and services. Technical advancements in Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality are contributing to more sophisticated user support. Despite these strides, the gap between the theoretical accessibility of interfaces and the actual user experience persists. Tech giants are competing to enhance accessibility, yet surveys reveal that many users, especially those with disabilities, face challenges in utilising digital interfaces. The article delves into the nature and consequences of this accessibility gap, emphasising the need for systematic research.
The article highlights challenges posed by frequent software updates, impacting interoperability and user experience. Reluctance to update software is common, creating accessibility obstacles. Training and support are crucial components of AT provision, yet there is a lack of continuity in ongoing support. The need for continuous training, considering individual needs and evolving technologies, is underscored. Case studies, such as the Swedish "Funkabutiken" project, demonstrate the efficacy of gamified training platforms for users with varying abilities.
In summary, while accessible features in mainstream software offer promise, challenges persist in findability, user choice, and support structures. The article calls for strengthened support systems, emphasizing continuous training, and addressing challenges associated with updates to ensure the actual perceived accessibility by users of assistive and accessible technology.Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Assistiven Technologien (AT) im digitalen Zeitalter, in dem barrierefreie Funktionen zunehmend in Standardprodukte und -dienste integriert werden. Der technische Fortschritt in den Bereichen KĂŒnstliche Intelligenz und Virtual Reality trĂ€gt zu einer ausgefeilteren Benutzer*innenunterstĂŒtzung bei. Trotz dieser Fortschritte besteht eine LĂŒcke zwischen der theoretischen Barrierefreiheit von Schnittstellen und der tatsĂ€chlichen Nutzererfahrung.
Die Technologiekonzerne bemĂŒhen sich Barrierefreiheit zu verbessern, doch Umfragen zeigen, dass viele Nutzer*innen, insbesondere Menschen mit Behinderungen, bei der Nutzung digitaler Schnittstellen auf Schwierigkeiten stoĂen.
Der Artikel hebt die Herausforderungen hervor, die sich aus den hĂ€ufigen Software-Updates ergeben und die InteroperabilitĂ€t und das Benutzererlebnis beeintrĂ€chtigen. Die Abneigung, Software zu aktualisieren, ist weit verbreitet und schafft Hindernisse fĂŒr die Barrierefreiheit. Schulungen und UnterstĂŒtzung sind wichtige Bestandteile der Bereitstellung von AT, doch mangelt es an KontinuitĂ€t bei der laufenden UnterstĂŒtzung. Die Notwendigkeit einer kontinuierlichen Schulung unter BerĂŒcksichtigung der individuellen BedĂŒrfnisse und der sich weiterentwickelnden Technologien wird hervorgehoben. Fallstudien wie das schwedische "Funkabutiken"-Projekt zeigen die Wirksamkeit von gamifizierten Trainingsplattformen fĂŒr Nutzer mit unterschiedlichen FĂ€higkeiten.
Zusammenfassend lĂ€sst sich sagen, dass barrierefreie Funktionen in gĂ€ngiger Software zwar vielversprechend sind, es aber nach wie vor Probleme bei der Auffindbarkeit, der Auswahl und den UnterstĂŒtzungsstrukturen gibt. Der Artikel ruft zu verstĂ€rkten UnterstĂŒtzungssystemen auf, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf kontinuierlichen Schulungen und der BewĂ€ltigung von Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit Aktualisierungen liegt, um die tatsĂ€chlich wahrgenommene Barrierefreiheit von Nutzer*innen von Assistiver- und barrierefreier Technologie zu gewĂ€hrleisten
An Analysis of Early Renal Transplant Protocol Biopsies - the High Incidence of Subclinical Tubulitis
To investigate the possibility that we have been underestimating the true incidence of acute rejection, we began to perform protocol biopsies after kidney transplantation. This analysis looks at the one-week biopsies. Between March 1 and October 1, 1999, 100 adult patients undergoing cadaveric kidney or kidney/pancreas transplantation, or living donor kidney transplantation, underwent 277 biopsies. We focused on the subset of biopsies in patients without delayed graft function (DGF) and with stable or improving renal function, who underwent a biopsy 8.2 ± 2.6 d (range 3-18 d) after transplantation (n = 28). Six (21%) patients with no DGF and with stable or Improving renal function had borderline histopathology, and 7 (25%) had acute tubulitis on the one-week biopsy. Of the 277 kidney biopsies, there was one (0.4%) serious hemorrhagic complication, in a patient receiving low molecular weight heparin; she ultimately recovered and has normal renal function. Her biopsy showed Banff 1B tubulitis. In patients with stable or improving renal allograft function early after transplantation, subclinical tubulitis may be present in a substantial number of patients. This suggests that the true incidence of rejection may be higher than is clinically appreciated
Gör plats Ät en förÀnderlig kust
Arbete grundar sig i den komplexa och osÀkra framtid som kustlandskapet stÄr införpÄ grund av havsnivÄhöjningen och fokuserar pÄ SkÄnes sÀrskilt utsatta kust. Idag utgÄr de anpassningsÄtgÀrder som görs frÄn en berÀknad havsnivÄhöjning pÄ upp till 1 meter mellan Ären 1990 och 2100. Det finns Àven en osÀkerhet kring att kunna förutse nÀr högvatten intrÀffar, vilka berÀknas kunna bli upp till ca +3,5 m med en havsnivÄhöjning pÄ 1 m. En viktig del att ha med i berÀkningarna Àr ocksÄ att klimatförÀndringarna och dess effekter kvarstÄr Àven efter Är 2100, dÄ havet troligen kommer höjas i Àn snabbare takt. Denna osÀkerhet gÀllande kustens framtida förÀndring, gör det svÄrt att bedöma vilka utgÄngspunkterna förklimatanpassnings-ÄtgÀrderna bör vara. FörÀndringar ses lÀtt som ett hot som mÄste stoppas för att kunna behÄlla det vi har idag. Vi vet att klimatförÀndringarna, Àven om vi lyckas motverka dess effekter, kommer leda till dramatiska förÀndringar av kustlandskapet men inte exakt hur dessa kommer att se ut. Det vi dÀremot kan pÄverka Àr de metoder och strategier vi vÀljer för att bemöta dessa förÀndringar.
Detta examensarbete inom landskapsarkitektur syftar till att bidra till förstĂ„elsen av kustlandskapets förĂ€ndring och hur denna kan hanteras pĂ„ bĂ„de en individuell och en samhĂ€llelig nivĂ„. Detta görs genom att fokusera pĂ„ naturanpassade metoder för kust- och erosionsskydd och undersöka den effekt som anvĂ€ndandet av dessa kan ha för kustlandskapet. För att verka mot en hĂ„llbar utveckling av vĂ„ra kuster, arbetar naturanpassade metoder, till skillnad frĂ„n traditionella âhĂ„rdaâ metoder sĂ„ som kajer, stenskoningar och hövder, med kustens naturliga processer istĂ€llet för mot dem. För att pĂ„ sĂ„ sĂ€tt skapa skydd som Ă€r flexibla och anpassningsbara i en osĂ€ker framtid.
Arbetet bestĂ„r av en litteraturstudie som utgĂ„r frĂ„n SkĂ„nes kust samt en platsanalys och ett gestaltningsförslag i Trelleborg, dĂ€r en förestĂ„ende exploatering av det vĂ€stra hamnomrĂ„det gör frĂ„gan om val av kustskydd aktuell för kommunen. Det resultatet av arbetet visar Ă€r att naturanpassade metoder för kust- och erosionsskydd kan bidra till att skapa kustlandskap som Ă€r hĂ„llbara genom sin flexibilitet men ocksĂ„ genom att skapa möjligheter att pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt uppleva och de naturliga processer som ger kusten dess form. Genom att skapa en förstĂ„else för dessa processer i och genom sjĂ€lva landskapet kan enskilda mĂ€nniskor men ocksĂ„ samhĂ€llet i stort bli bĂ€ttre rustat för att anpassa sig till och acceptera kustens förĂ€ndring, bĂ„de de naturliga förĂ€ndringarna och de skapade av mĂ€nniskan.The project is based in the complex and uncertain future the coastal landscape is facing, with a focus on the vulnerable coast of the county SkĂ„ne in south Sweden. Todayâs coastal climate adaptation are made with an estimated sea level rise of up to 1 meter between year 1990 and 2I00. In addition, there is an uncertainty to anticipating when temporary high sea levels and floods will occur, which are estimated to be up to about +3.5 m above todays sea level in year 2100. There is also a risk that the change in sea level will happen faster than anticipated and above all, climate change and its effects will remain after year 2100. In the future the sea level is likely to increase at an even faster pace. This uncertainty makes it difficult to predict the premises for the coastal landscape. Changes are often seen as a threat that needs to be stopped, in order to keep the current infrastructure of the coast. We know that climate change, even if we succeeded to counteract its effects, will lead to dramatic changes in the coastal landscape but not exactly how this will occur. However, what we can influence, are the methods and strategies we choose to respond to the changes.
This master project in landscape architecture, aims to contribute to the understanding an of the future changes in the coastal landscape by looking at nature-based solutions as coastal protection. In contrast to traditional âhardâ methods, such as stone piers, jettyâs and traditional harbour constructions, nature-based solutions work with the natural processes of the coast, instead of against them. Nature-based solutions are flexible and adaptable, to be able to ensure protection in an uncertain future, as well as creating a sustainable development of the coast.
The project consists of a literature study based in the coast of SkÄne, as well as a site-specific analysis and a design proposal for Trelleborg, where a forthcoming exploitation of the Western harbour makes the choice of method of coastal protection an up-to-date question. The results show that nature-based coastal protection methods can help to create sustainable coastal landscapes by being flexible but also by providing the experience of the various natural processes that affect the coastal landscape. By creating an understanding for these processes trough the landscape itself and society will be better prepared to adapt to coastal changes in the future, both natural changes and those created by man
VÄllande till annans sjÀlvmord - Kan en krÀnkande behandling utgöra vÄllande till annans död?
Denna uppsats syftar till att utreda brottet vĂ„llande till annans död och var grĂ€nsen gĂ„r för en rĂ€ttssĂ€ker tolkning av dess straffbuds ordalydelse. Specifikt fokuseras pĂ„ frĂ„gan om straffbudet kan ta sikte pĂ„ den som medelst krĂ€nkande behandling av nĂ„gon annan orsakar att vederbörande begĂ„r sjĂ€lvmord. DĂ„ medverkansansvar förutsĂ€tter medverkan till en otillĂ„ten gĂ€rning, utgör inte medverkan till sjĂ€lvmord ett brott, eftersom sjĂ€lvmord Ă€r tillĂ„tet enligt gĂ€llande rĂ€tt. I stĂ€llet Ă€r det endast nĂ€r den avlidne, som rent faktiskt har tillfogat den dödande skadan, i juridisk mening inte kan anses ha tagit sitt eget liv som ett brott kan aktualiseras. En sĂ„dan slutsats förutsĂ€tter emellertid att den avlidne bedöms ha saknat fri vilja, tillrĂ€cklig mognad eller tillrĂ€cklig insikt om relevanta omstĂ€ndigheter i förhĂ„llande till sjĂ€lvmordsbeslutet. HĂ€rmed ska den avlidne dessutom i princip ha utgjort ett styrbart redskap i nĂ„gon annans hĂ€nder. Med stor sĂ€kerhet vore det vĂ€ldigt sĂ€llan, och enbart i ytterst sĂ€rprĂ€glade situationer, som en person kan anses försĂ€ttas i en sĂ„dan sits till följd av att ha utsatts för krĂ€nkande behandling. För att vĂ„llande till annans död ska aktualiseras krĂ€vs dessutom att den krĂ€nkande personens agerande faller in under gĂ€rningsbeskrivningen i 3 kap. 7 § BrB. SĂ„lunda krĂ€vs att vederbörande kan anses ha orsakat den avlidnes död av oaktsamhet, vilket i sin tur förutsĂ€tter att kravet pĂ„ gĂ€rningsculpa och gĂ€rningstĂ€ckande personlig culpa uppfylls. En gĂ€rningsculpabedömning torde endast i vĂ€ldigt sĂ€llsynta fall betrakta en krĂ€nkning som ett otillĂ„tet risktagande avseende sjĂ€lvmord, och Ă€n mer sĂ€llan som ett relevant orsakande av sjĂ€lvmordet. I sĂ„ fall bör rimligtvis krĂ€vas att gĂ€rningspersonen haft anledning att förmoda att krĂ€nkningen skulle föranleda den utsattes sjĂ€lvmord. Eftersom bedömningen av gĂ€rningstĂ€ckande personlig culpa Ă€r sĂ„ pass beroende av bevisningen i varje enskilt fall, lĂ„ter sig dock en teoretisk förhandsbedömning svĂ„rligen göras. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att det ofta skulle bryta mot legalitetsprincipens analogiförbud att betrakta krĂ€nkande behandling som ett vĂ„llande till annans död.The purpose of this essay is to investigate the crime of involuntary manslaughter in Swedish law and the boundaries for a lawful interpretation of the provision. Specifically, it focuses on whether the provision may take aim at someone whose degrading treatment causes someone elseâs suicide. Since responsibility for complicity requires complicity to an illegal act, complicity to suicide is not a crime, as suicide is allowed by law. Instead, it is only when the deceased, who in fact inflicted the lethal damage, in legal terms cannot be considered to have committed suicide, that a crime can be actualized. Such conclusion, however, requires that the deceased is deemed to have lacked free will, sufficient maturity or sufficient understanding of the relevant circumstances in relation to the suicide decision. Hereby, the deceased should basically have constituted a steerable tool in the hands of someone else. With great certainty, it would be very rare, and only in very peculiar situations that a person can be considered to be placed in such a position, after being subjected to degrading treatment. For involuntary manslaughter to be actualized, the abusive personâs action must further on fall under section 7 of chapter 3 of the Swedish Penal Code. Thus, the person must be considered to have caused the deceasedâs death by negligence, which in turn presupposes that the requirement of âgĂ€rningsculpaâ and culpability is fulfilled. An assessment of gĂ€rningsculpa should only in unique circumstances recognize degrading treatment as an unacceptable risk taking regarding suicide, and more seldom as a relevant cause of suicide. If so, it should reasonably require that the perpetrator is considered to have had reason to believe that the treatment would cause the degraded personâs suicide. Since the assessment of culpability is very dependent on the evidence in every particular case, such ex-ante evaluation can hardly be done in theory. Conclusively, the analogy prohibition in the principle of legality would often be violated, if degrading treatment was to be considered as involuntary manslaughter
Skoskyldig? â En kritisk granskning av NFC:s skoavtrycksundersökningar och domstolarnas hantering av desamma som bevisning
Ett korrekt applicerande av naturvetenskapligt grundad kriminalteknisk bevisning i den juridiska kontext som en brottmĂ„lsprocess tar sikte pĂ„ förutsĂ€tter en hel del eftertanke, inte minst nĂ€r det gĂ€ller skoavtrycksbevisning. Detta sĂ„vĂ€l i sjĂ€lva utförandet och resultatredovisningen av den bakomliggande kriminaltekniska undersökningen, som i domstolens efterföljande granskning och vĂ€rdering. Exempelvis Ă€r det viktigt att den sakkunnige, i den mĂ„n det Ă€r möjligt inom ramarna för vederbörandes roll i brottmĂ„lsprocessen, anpassar undersökningen efter det enskilda fallets sĂ€regenheter samt redovisar sina observationer och slutsatser frĂ„n denna pĂ„ ett sĂ€tt som möjliggör en juridisk granskning och vĂ€rdering av densamma. Minst lika viktigt Ă€r i sin tur att domstolen förstĂ„r sig pĂ„ innebörden av den sakkunniges uppgifter och vilken inverkan dessa bör ges i bevisvĂ€rderingen. HĂ€ri Ă€r det framför allt viktigt att rĂ€ttens ledamöter beaktar att den sakkunniges uppgifter i regel enbart tar sikte pĂ„ ett visst spĂ„rs ursprung, men inte dess bakomliggande aktivitet eller huruvida denna aktivitet Ă€r brottslig. LikasĂ„ mĂ„ste domstolen frĂ„ga sig vilken relevans den sakkunniges uppgifter, ibland baserade pĂ„ den statistiska sannolikheten utifrĂ„n en viss population och ibland pĂ„ förhandsfaststĂ€llda kriterier, har i det enskilda juridiska fall som uppgifterna ska appliceras pĂ„. I framstĂ€llningen konstateras att det finns anledning att se över sĂ„vĂ€l utförandet som redovisningen av NFC:s skoavtrycksundersökningar. Framför allt vore det dock lĂ€mpligt att harmonisera ovanstĂ„ende mellan NFC:s olika skoavtryckslaboratorium. Detta genom att samtliga laboratorium: som utgĂ„ngspunkt alltid involverar tvĂ„ medarbetare i undersökningen; redovisar utvĂ€rderingsprocessen med kriminalteknikernas resultatvĂ€rdering samt konkretiserar vilken referensklass resultatvĂ€rderingen baseras pĂ„ i sakkunnigutlĂ„tandet; anpassar referensklassen efter det geografiska omrĂ„de och den Ă„rstid brottsutredningen avser; anvĂ€nder samma format för sakkunnigutlĂ„tandet med bl.a. samma utlĂ„tandeskala; lĂ„ter observerade överensstĂ€mmelser mellan omstritt skoavtryck och jĂ€mförelsesko avseende sĂ„vĂ€l sulmönster och storlek som individuellt uppkomna detaljer pĂ„verka hur sannolikt det uttalas vara att jĂ€mförelseskon avsatt skoavtrycket. Vidare konstateras att domstolarna, sĂ„ lĂ€nge nĂ„gon harmonisering enligt ovanstĂ„ende inte kommit till stĂ„nd, utöver de epistemologiska och ontologiska skillnaderna mellan naturvetenskap och juridik, gör klokt i att Ă€ven beakta existerande metodologiska skillnader mellan skoavtryckslaboratorierna. Dessutom förefaller det finnas visst utrymme hos domstolarna för sĂ„vĂ€l utökad granskning som förstĂ„else av skoavtrycksbeviset, inte minst vad gĂ€ller innebörden av referensklassproblemet. LikasĂ„ efterfrĂ„gas tydligare redovisning i domskĂ€len för hur vĂ€rderingen av skoavtrycksbeviset gĂ„tt till.A correct application of forensic evidence in the criminal proceedingâs legal context requires a great deal of consideration, especially regarding shoe print evidence. This applies to both the actual execution of, and the presentation of the results from, the forensic analysis, as well as in the courtâs following evaluation. For instance, it is important that the forensic expert, to the extent possible within the framework of its role in the criminal proceeding, adapts the analysis according to the specifics of the individual case. Moreover, the forensic expert should present his or her observations and conclusions from the analysis in a way which enables legal review and evaluation thereof. Just as essential however, is that the court understands the meaning of the expertâs statement and which impact it should have in the evaluation of evidence. In this regard, it is highly important that the judges take into account that the expertâs statement usually only concerns the origin of a particular trace, but not its underlying activity or whether said activity constitutes a criminal offence. Likewise, the court must ask what relevance the expertâs statement, sometimes predicated on the statistical probability in a particular population and sometimes based on predefined criteria, has in the individual legal case to which the statement will be applied. This essay states that there is a need to review the current methods for both the execution and the presentation of the results from the shoe print investigations performed by the NFC. Primarily, it would be desirable to harmonize those methods between the NFCâs various shoe print laboratories, by requiring the following from each laboratory: involvement of two forensics in the analysis; presentation in the forensic report of the analysis process with the forensic expertsâ assessments, and of which reference class the assessments are based on; adaptation of the reference class according to the geographical area and the time of the year which the criminal investigation concerns; usage of the same format and the same scale of conclusions in the forensic report; allowance of observed correspondences between footprints from the crime scene and seized shoes regarding pattern and size as well as individual details to affect how likely it is stated to be that the shoes caused the footprints. However, as long as none of the aforementioned harmonization is achieved, the courts, in addition to the epistemological and ontological differences between natural science and law, are wise to consider existing methodological differences between the NFCâs shoe print laboratories. Moreover, the courts could enhance both their critical review and knowledge of shoe print evidence, including their understanding of the reference class problem. Likewise, the courts should be more clear in their presentation of how shoe print evidence has been evaluated
Vegetationens betydelse för mÀnniskan i miljonprogrammets storskaliga arkitektur
Detta arbete, som utgĂ„r frĂ„n bostadsomrĂ„det KlostergĂ„rden i Lund i detalj och miljonprogrammet i stort, vill skapa en ökad förstĂ„else för och fördjupad kunskap kring vegetationens förhĂ„llande till den storskaliga arkitekturen. I syfte att skapa utemiljöer dĂ€r den mĂ€nskliga skalan Ă€r nĂ€rvarande och de sociala behoven tillgodoses. Vegetation kan anvĂ€ndas för att stötta de sociala strukturerna i ett bostadsomrĂ„de genom att skapa tydliga fysiska strukturer. Miljonprogrammets bostadsomrĂ„den har fĂ„tt utstĂ„ hĂ„rd kritik Ă€nda sedan det byggdes, men hur kommer det sig dĂ„ att KlostergĂ„rden, byggt 1963-68, av bĂ„de boende och sakkunniga framhĂ€vs som ett mycket lyckat bostadsomrĂ„de, har det med vegetationen att göra och i sĂ„ fall vad kan vi lĂ€ra oss frĂ„n KlostergĂ„rden? Denna frĂ„ga utgör bakgrunden till detta kandidatarbete, som tar avstamp i en historisk redogörelse för miljonprogrammets fysiska och sociala utgĂ„ngspunkter. Synen pĂ„ mĂ€nniskor som en massa dĂ€r de fysiska behoven gick för de sociala behoven, var en syn som gick hand i hand med storskaligheten som redskap för att Ă„stadkomma effektivisering pĂ„ flera nivĂ„er i samhĂ€llet. För att förstĂ„ och hitta lösningar till den kritik som miljonprogrammet fĂ„tt utstĂ„ anvĂ€ndes Jan Gehls teorier och tankar kring de sociala behovet som grundlĂ€ggande behov för mĂ€nniskan och att det Ă€r utifrĂ„n det behovet som stĂ€der och bostadsomrĂ„den ska utformas. Vilken roll vegetationen har i staden respektive för mĂ€nniskan behandlas ocksĂ„ i de inledande kapitlen och fungerar tillsammans med denna historiska- och teoretiska redogörelsen som bakgrund till kartlĂ€ggningen av KlostergĂ„rden. I resultatet av kartlĂ€ggningen anvĂ€nds Gehls teorier som redskap att analysera vegetationen med. Gehl menar att de stora hĂ€ndelserna utvecklas frĂ„n de mĂ„nga smĂ„. Genom att titta pĂ„ den inverkan vegetationen har pĂ„ mĂ€nniskors möjligheter att gĂ„, stĂ„ och sitta, se höra och tala, samt hur trevligt det i allmĂ€nhet Ă€r pĂ„ en plats, kan man ocksĂ„ se om det finns förutsĂ€ttningar för det sociala livet i stort. Den avslutande diskussionen svarar pĂ„ frĂ„gan om pĂ„ vilket sĂ€tt KlostergĂ„rdens vegetation inverkar pĂ„ upplevelsen och anvĂ€ndandet av utemiljön pĂ„ KlostergĂ„rden dĂ€r tvĂ„ huvudpunkter lyfts fram; Vegetationens skiftande karaktĂ€r i omrĂ„dets olika rum och vegetationens inverkan pĂ„ upplevelsen av rummens skala. Slutsatsen blir alltsĂ„ att det âgröna livet mellan husenâ pĂ„ KlostergĂ„rden starkt bidrar till att skapa förutsĂ€ttningar för âlivet mellan husenâ att uppstĂ„.This BSc thesis focus on the residential area of KlostergĂ„rden, Lund, Sweden which is part of âmiljonprogrammetâ (the million program), a public housing programme when large scale residential areas were built between 1965 and 1975. The thesis aims to create a larger understanding of, and a knowledge about the role that vegetation plays and its purpose to create an environment closer to the human scale. Vegetation can be used to support the social structures in a residential area by creating physical structures. The residential areas of âmiljonprogrammetâ has endured a lot of negative criticism ever since it first was built. However, KlostergĂ„rden is commonly looked upon as a successful area- even as one of the best planned- residential areas in Sweden, both among its residents as well as from landscape planning experts. Has it got to do with the way that the vegetation is used and in that case, what can we learn from KlostergĂ„rden? This question forms the background to the thesis that has its starting point in an historical description of the physical and social background that created âthe million programâ. The perception of people as a mass, where the physical needs were prioritized instead of the social needs, was a perception that went well with the large scale as a tool to create efficiency in many levels of the society. To understand the problems and find solutions to the criticism of âthe million programâ the theories of Jan Ghels is used and his thoughts about the social needs as the basic need for humans and therefore the need that residential areas should be designed for. The role that vegetation has in the city and in relationship with humans is also discussed in the first two chapters and forms together with historical- and theoretical background the foundation of a mapping of the vegetation in KlostergĂ„rden. In the result section of this mapping, Gehls theories are used as a tool to analyse the vegetation. Gehl argues that big events comes from the many small events. By looking at the impact that the vegetation has on the ability to walk, stand, and sit, see, hear and talk, and how pleasant a place in general is to be in, you also have the possibility to see if there is good conditions for social events in general to occur. The final discussion answers the question âin what way the vegetation affects the experience and the use of the public spaces in KlostergĂ„rdenâ. Two main reasons is mentioned; The way that the vegetation is shifting in its character in the different rooms of the area, and the way that the vegetation creates rooms in different scales, where the human scale in a larger extent is represented. The conclusion is that âthe green life between buildingsâ in KlostergĂ„rden has a strong effect on the conditions that creates âlife between buildingsâ
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