Concircular vector fields for Kantowski Sachs and Bianchi type III spacetimes

This paper intends to obtain concircular vector fields of Kantowski Sachs and Bianch type III spacetimes. For this purpose, ten conformal Killing equations and their general solution in the form of conformal Killing vector fields are derived along with their conformal factors. The obtained conformal Killing vector fields are then placed in Hessian equations to obtain the final form of concircular vector fields. The existence of concircular symmetry imposes restrictions on the metric functions. The conditions imposing restrictions on these metric functions are obtained as a set of integrability conditions. It is shown that Kantowski Sachs and Bianchi type III spacetimes admit four, six, or fifteen dimensional concircular vector fields. It is established that for Einstein spaces, every conformal Killing vector field is a concircular vector field. Moreover, it is explored that every concircular vector field obtained here is also a conformal Ricci collineation.Comment: 21 pages, 23 Reference

Doppler Echocardiographic Diagnosis of a Rare Pentalogy of Fallot Having Penta-Cardiac Anomalies: A Case Report

An infant, showing peripheral cyanosis, was born after lower abdominal peripheral caesarian section of the pregnant women having TORCH positive test with the infection of Toxoplasma gondiiand Cytomegalovirus. She had three abortions prior to this pregnancy. Doppler echocardiography of the baby showed profound intracardiac defects. After birth, echocardiography was carried out for diagnosis of associated cardiac anomalies. Doppler echocardiography showed pentalogy of Fallot, and the present case represents the Pentalogy of Fallot having pulmonary atresia. The baby's heart anomalies were ASD (Atrial Septal Defect - 6 mm RT to LT Shunt), VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect - bidirectional shunt), PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus - filling both the pulmonary arteries), and Overriding of Aorta with pulmonary atresia. In conclusion, whenever the diagnosis pentalogy of fallot is suspected, a multidisciplinary approach is essential

Demographic profile and associations of dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients in federal capital of pakistan.

Depression is quite prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease. Knowing the frequency of depression in such patients and its association with different variables may be helpful in devising strategies for better and timely management of such patients in our setup. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted by recruiting 315 patients of either gender, ≥ 18 years of age with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and receiving care at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Patients were divided into two groups; group A: pre-dialysis and group B: dialysis (End Stage Renal Disease). Prevalence of depression in CKD and dialysis group and its association with gender, level of formal education and socioeconomic status was evaluated using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Out of 204 (100%) patients in group B, 171 (83.8%) patients had depression while in group A, 68 (61.3%) out of 111 (100%) patients were depressed. The prevalence of depression in all stages of CKD combined was 75.87 % (239 out of 315) and that in dialysis group was 83.82% (171 out of 204). Frequency of depression was significantly higher in the dialysis group (p=0.01). Those with higher level of education less commonly suffered from depression (p=0.01). No such association was found with gender (p=0.68) or socioeconomic status (p=0.12).Conclusion: Frequency of depression is significantly higher in dialysis dependent CKD patients with an overall prevalence of 75.87% in CKD and 83.82% in dialysis dependent ones. Higher level of formal education positively affects the outcome while gender and socioeconomic class have no significant association

Role of Vitamins C and E in Regulating Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Markers in Preeclampsia

We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group B which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and E. MDA increased from 6.22 ± 2.8 (placebo) to 8.48 ± 1.2 (A) and 8.02 ± 1.8 nmol/gHb (B). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± 4.2 (P) to 23.8 ± 6.4 (A) and 24.1 ± 5.4 µmol/L (B). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2.81 (P) to 8.02 ± 2.92 (A) and 9.39 ± 1.02 µmol/g Hb (B), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 µmol/g Hb (B). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in B; GRx decreased 27% in A and 5.5% in B; GPx decreased 12% in A and 9.6% in B. Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in B as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and E should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk

Retinoblastoma tells the story of our health care system

Objective: To review cases of retinoblastoma. Setting: Department of Pathology Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. Method: Twenty three specimens from cases of retinoblastoma received over a period of eight years were routinely processes and stained with haematoxylin and Eosin stain Other stains were used for tuberculosis and melanin. Immunochemistry was resorted to in undifferentiated tumors. Results: Over 60% cases of retinoblastoma were diagnosed after 5 years and nine cases showed involvement of opti-nerve. Conclusion: Late diagnosis of retinoblastoma effects the stage of the tumors and the prognisis

THE EFFECT OF LEARNING STYLE, HOME ENVIRONMENT AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF NINTH STANDARD STUDENTS OF ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOLS OF RAIPUR CITY - A STUDY

This paper focuses on learning style, school environment and home environment in relation to academic achievement. The research was carried out in Raipur city on a sample of 50 IX standard students. Learning styles of students was measured by Styles of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT) by D. Venkataraman. Home Environment and School Environment was measured by the Inventory prepared by Dr. Karuna Shankar Mishra. The research finding revealed that there is very low, negative & negligible relationship between academic achievement & home environment. Study also revealed that school environment and academic achievement have positive but very low relationship. It is also found that there is significant difference between the academic achievement of students learned by right & left hemisphere but there is no significant difference between the academic achievement of boys & girls students learned either by right hemisphere or left hemisphere.   Article visualizations

Primordial Black Hole Leptogenesis in Supersymmetry

We have studied the role of Hawking evaporation of primordial black hole in the production of the supersymmetric particles like sneutrinos - the super-partner of heavy right handed neutrinos. Considering lepton number violating decays of such particles and $CP$ violating phases due to soft supersymmetry breaking terms, we have obtained the baryonic asymmetry of the universe which depends on the mass of primordial black holes. Apart from CMB and BBN constraints on such mass, we have shown more stringent upper bound on this mass from the requirement of black hole evaporation temperature to be above the temperature required for almost first order phase transition so that leptogenesis could create the observed baryonic asymmetry. We have shown how the primordial black hole mass, heavy right handed neutrino mass and soft supersymmetry breaking parameters are related from the requirement of successful leptogenesis and the allowed parameter space to avoid gravitino problem. Considering experimental constraint on branching ratio of $\mu \rightarrow e \gamma$, we have shown the connection of right handed neutrino mass scale with the lower bound of the typical mass scale of supersymmetric particles.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure