15 research outputs found
Organising YouTube. Neue Formen der Organisierung von Plattformarbeiter_innen
UrsprĂŒnglich herausgegeben von der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin, im Rahmen des Projektes "Gewerkschaften im Wandel 4.0"Im letzten Jahrzehnt hat sich YouTube zur gröĂten Video-Plattform weltweit entwickelt. FĂŒr zahlreiche Content Creators, die dort Videos veröffentlichen und ihr Einkommen verdienen, ist die Plattform zum Arbeitsort geworden. Der Erfolg und ihre Verdiensthöhe sind dabei wesentlich an die Sichtbarkeit auf YouTube geknĂŒpft, die durch den Empfehlungsalgorithmus der Plattform gesteuert wird. Videos, die Nutzer_innen auf der Plattform empfohlen werden, werden hĂ€ufiger geschaut. Die algorithmische Moderation
dieser Empfehlungen durch YouTube fĂŒhrte zu Kanal-Sperrungen und Einkommensverlusten
fĂŒr YouTuber_innen und löste so einen Konflikt aus. Professionelle Content Creators sind
Teil einer global verteilten Arbeiter_innenschaft, die ihr Einkommen auf Plattformen und oft unter hochgradig fragmentierten Arbeitsbedingungen erzielt. FĂŒr eine gemeinsame Organisierung bestehen hohe HĂŒrden, und klassische Mittel des Arbeitskampfs wie der Streik zeigen auf Monopol-Plattformen wie YouTube meist keine Wirkung. Trotzdem hat sich im MĂ€rz 2018 eine selbstorganisierte Gruppe von YouTuber_innen zu einer »YouTubers
Union« zusammengeschlossen, die aus Content Creators sowie ihren Fans und Zuschauer_innen besteht. Die Gruppe versendete Briefe an das Unternehmen, fĂŒhrte interne Umfragen durch und organisierte einen gemeinsamen »Warnstreik«. YouTube
zeigte sich offen dafĂŒr, mit einigen Content Creators einzeln zu sprechen, verweigerte aber GesprĂ€che mit der Gruppe und wies die Möglichkeit einer institutionalisierten Mitbestimmung zurĂŒck. Als sich die GesprĂ€che mit YouTube als ungeeignet fĂŒr eine dauerhafte Lösung erwiesen, ging die YouTubers Union eine Kooperation mit der deutschen
Gewerkschaft IG Metall ein â der gröĂten Gewerkschaft Europas. Diese Kooperation mĂŒndete im Juli 2019 in der gemeinsamen Kampagne »FairTube«. Diese Kampagne löste öffentlichen Druck aus, der jedoch vom Unternehmen versucht wurde auszusitzen.
Trotzdem konnte die Kampagne ihr Anliegen breiter bekannt machen und ihre Mitgliederbasis erweitern, wÀhrend die IG Metall sich weiter im Sektor der Organisierung von Plattformarbeit etablieren konnte
Learning to Eat Vegetables in Early Life: The Role of Timing, Age and Individual Eating Traits
Vegetable intake is generally low among children, who appear to be especially fussy during the pre-school years. Repeated exposure is known to enhance intake of a novel vegetable in early life but individual differences in response to familiarisation have emerged from recent studies. In order to understand the factors which predict different responses to repeated exposure, data from the same experiment conducted in three groups of children from three countries (nâ=â332) aged 4â38 m (18.9±9.9 m) were combined and modelled. During the intervention period each child was given between 5 and 10 exposures to a novel vegetable (artichoke puree) in one of three versions (basic, sweet or added energy). Intake of basic artichoke puree was measured both before and after the exposure period. Overall, younger children consumed more artichoke than older children. Four distinct patterns of eating behaviour during the exposure period were defined. Most children were âlearnersâ (40%) who increased intake over time. 21% consumed more than 75% of what was offered each time and were labelled âplate-clearersâ. 16% were considered ânon-eatersâ eating less than 10 g by the 5th exposure and the remainder were classified as âothersâ (23%) since their pattern was highly variable. Age was a significant predictor of eating pattern, with older pre-school children more likely to be non-eaters. Plate-clearers had higher enjoyment of food and lower satiety responsiveness than non-eaters who scored highest on food fussiness. Children in the added energy condition showed the smallest change in intake over time, compared to those in the basic or sweetened artichoke condition. Clearly whilst repeated exposure familiarises children with a novel food, alternative strategies that focus on encouraging initial tastes of the target food might be needed for the fussier and older pre-school children
First Insights into the Effect of Low-Dose X-Ray Irradiation in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Constructing a Sense of Purpose and a Professional Teaching Identity: Experiences of Teacher Candidates with Disabilities
Using grounded theory, we examined the ways in which undergraduate teacher candidates with disabilities developed a sense of purpose and constructed professional identities. Our findings suggest K-12 experiences with advocacy as well as exclusionary school experiences influenced their emerging professional identities. Resistance to a deficit view of disability was central to teachersâ professional identities and influenced their desire to become âchange agentsâ in their future professions. We describe collegiate experiences that affirmed or presented roadblocks to their career path
Longitudinal Evaluation of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Symptoms in a Population-Based Sample
Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent and disabling condition of the nose and sinuses. The natural history of CRS symptoms in a general population sample has not been previously studied. Objective: In a general populationâbased sample from Pennsylvania, we used 2 questionnaires mailed 6 months apart to estimate the prevalence of, and identify predictors for, stability or change in symptoms over time. Methods: We mailed the baseline and 6-month follow-up questionnaires to 23,700 primary care patients and 7,801 baseline responders, respectively. We categorized nasal and sinus symptoms using European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis (EPOS) epidemiologic criteria. We defined 6 symptom groups over time on the basis of the presence of CRS symptoms at baseline and follow-up. We performed multivariable survey logistic regression controlling for confounding variables comparing persistent versus nonpersistent, recurrent versus stable past, and incident versus never. Results: There were 4,966 responders at follow-up: 558 had persistent symptoms, 190 recurrent symptoms, and 83 new symptoms meeting EPOS criteria for CRS. The prevalence of persistent symptoms was 4.8% (95% CI, 3.8-5.8), whereas the annual cumulative incidence of new symptoms was 1.9% and of recurrent symptoms was 3.2%. More severe symptoms at baseline were associated with persistence, whereas minor symptoms, allergies, and multiple treatments were associated with the development of new symptoms. Conclusions: Less than half with nasal and sinus symptoms meeting CRS EPOS criteria in our general, regional population had symptom persistence over time, with symptom profiles at baseline and age of onset being strongly associated with stability of symptoms