Problematika Permohonan Grasi Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2002

According to executor attorney opinion, no time limit for application clemency, it wills be performing deep constraint on dead punishment execution. Execution of dead punishment also constraint by rule that allows criminal to propose the second clemency application. This constraint still is added by condition that second clemency application is two years of first clemency rejection. Meanwhile according to criminal lawyer reception, with no rule upon, constitute a advantage by criminal dead, since it can propose clemency without time limit for first clemency application and also second application, so execution could be delayed. At Yogyakarta court since year 2002 until now there is no criminal propose clemencies. It is caused, firstly, certain verdict type that could be requested for clemency, secondary by apply clemency cause dead sentence is no postpone except for dead verdict, thirdly most criminal on narcotic and drug abuse case was pleased with first grade verdict

Super-Ionic Conductive Magnet Based on a Cyano-Bridged Mn–Nb Bimetal Assembly

A two-dimensional manganese-octacyanoniobate based magnet, Mn^II₃[Nb^IV(CN)₈]₂(4-aminopyridine)₁₀(4-aminopyridinium)₂·12H₂O, was prepared. This compound shows a spin-flip transition with a critical magnetic field value of ca. 200 Oe, which originates from metamagnetism. In addition, an impedance measurement indicates that this compound is a super-ionic conductor with 4.6 × 10^–4 S cm^–1. The observed super-ionic conductivity is explained by the proton conduction (so-called the Grotthuss mechanism) through the hydrogen-bonding network, i.e., Lewis acidity of the Mn ion accelerates the deprotonation of the ligand water molecules, and then the released proton propagates via ligand water molecules, noncoordinated water molecules, and 4-aminopyridinium cations

4‑Bromopyridine-Induced Chirality in Magnetic M^II-[Nb^IV(CN)₈]^4– (M = Zn, Mn, Ni) Coordination Networks

The introduction of 4-bromopyridine (4-Brpy) to a self-assembled M^II-[Nb^IV(CN)₈] (M = 3d metal ion) coordination system results in the formation of three-dimensional cyanido-bridged networks, {[M^II(4-Brpy)₄]₂­[Nb^IV(CN)₈]}­·<i>n</i>H₂O (M = Zn, <i>n</i> = 1, <b>1</b>; M = Mn, <i>n</i> = 0.5, <b>2</b>; M = Ni, <i>n</i> = 2, <b>3</b>). All these compounds are coordination frameworks composed of octahedral [M^II(4-Brpy)₄­(μ-NC)₂] complexes bonded to square antiprismatic [Nb^IV(CN)₈]^4– ions bearing four bridging and four terminal cyanides. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> crystallize in the chiral <i>I</i>4₁22 space group as the mixture of two enantiomorphic forms, named <b>1</b>(<b>+</b>)/<b>1</b>(<b>−</b>) and <b>2</b>(<b>+</b>)/<b>2</b>(<b>−</b>), respectively. The chirality is here induced by the spatial arrangement of nonchiral but sterically expanded 4-Brpy ligands positioned around M^II centers in the distorted square geometry, which gives two distinguishable types of coordination helices, A and B, along a 4-fold screw axis. The (+) forms contain left handed helices A, and right handed helices B, while the opposite helicity is presented in the (−) enantiomers. On the contrary, <b>3</b> crystallizes in the nonchiral <i>Fddd</i> space group and creates only one type of helix. Half of them are right handed, and the second half are left handed, which originates from the ideally symmetrical arrangement of 4-Brpy around Ni^II and results in the overall nonchiral character of the network. <b>1</b> is a paramagnet due to paramagnetic Nb^IV centers separated by diamagnetic Zn^II. <b>2</b> is a ferrimagnet below a critical temperature, <i>T</i>_c of 28 K, which is due to the CN^–-mediated antiferromagnetic coupling within Mn–NC–Nb linkages. <b>3</b> reveals a ferromagnetic type of Ni^II–Nb^IV interaction leading to a ferromagnetic ordering below <i>T</i>_c of 16 K, and a hysteresis loop with a coercive field of 1400 Oe at 2 K. Thus, <b>1</b> is a chiral paramagnet, <b>3</b> is a nonchiral ferromagnet, and <b>2</b> combines both of these functionalities, being a rare example of a chiral molecule-based magnet whose chirality is induced by the noninnocent 4-Brpy ligands

Mixed-Valence Cobalt(II/III)–Octacyanidotungstate(IV/V) Ferromagnet

We report a mixed-valence cobalt­(II/III)–octacyanidotungstate­(IV/V) magnet, [Co^II(H₂O)]₂[Co^III{μ-(<i>R</i>)-1-(4-pyridyl)­ethanol}₂]­[W^IV(CN)₈]­[W^V(CN)₈]·5H₂O. Synchrotron-radiation X-ray single crystal structural analysis, infrared spectrum, and density-functional theory (DFT) calculation indicate that this compound has a chiral structure with the <i>P</i>2₁ space group and both Co^II(<i>S</i> = 3/2)–NC–W^V(<i>S</i> = 1/2) and Co^III(<i>S</i> = 0)–NC–W^IV(<i>S</i> = 0) moieties, which are structurally distinguishable in the crystal structure. Magnetic measurements reveal that this compound exhibits ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature of 11 K and a coercive field of 1500 Oe, which is caused by the coexistence of the superexchange interaction in the Co^II–W^V chain and double exchange interaction between the chains

Zero Thermal Expansion Fluid and Oriented Film Based on a Bistable Metal-Cyanide Polymer

A zero thermal expansion (ZTE) material based on plate-shaped rubidium manganese hexacyanoferrate, Rb_0.97Mn­[Fe­(CN)₆]_0.99·0.3H₂O, is prepared using a polyethylene glycol monolaurate (PEGM) surfactant matrix. The prepared microcrystals show a charge transfer induced phase transition between the cubic Mn^II–NC–Fe^III and tetragonal Mn^III–NC–Fe^II phases. The Mn^III–NC–Fe^II phase exhibits a small negative thermal expansion (NTE) along the <i>a</i>_LT and <i>c</i>_LT axes with a thermal expansion coefficient of α₍<i>a</i>_LT) = −1.40 ± 0.12 × 10^–6 K^–1 and α₍c_LT) = −0.17 ± 0.13 × 10^–6 K^–1 over a wide temperature range of 15 K – 300 K. Such small |α| materials are classified as ZTE materials. The far-infrared spectra show that NTE originates from the transverse modes δ­(Fe–CN–Mn) of the transverse translational mode around 304 cm^–1, and transverse librational modes at 253 and 503 cm^–1, which are assigned according to first principle calculations. Molecular orbital calculations indicate that ZTE and the charge transfer phase transition both originate from the transverse mode. Additionally, an oriented film on SiO₂ glass is prepared using a microcrystal dispersive methanol solution and a spin-coating technique. This is the first example of a ZTE film that maintains a constant film thickness over a wide temperature range of 300 K

Large Coercive Field of 45 kOe in a Magnetic Film Based on Metal-Substituted ε‑Iron Oxide

Magnetic ferrites are stable, sustainable, and economical. Consequently, they have been used in various fields. The development of large coercive field (large <i>H</i>_c) magnetic ferrites is a very important but challenging issue to accelerate the spread of use and to expand practical applications. In this study, we prepared a rhodium-substituted ε-iron oxide film and observed a remarkably large <i>H</i>_c value of 35 kOe at room temperature. This is the largest value among magnetic ferrites to date. Such a large-<i>H</i>_c ferrite is expected to greatly expand the application of magnetic ferrites. Furthermore, when the temperature dependence of the magnetic properties was measured, an even larger <i>H</i>_c value of 45 kOe was recorded at 200 K. Such large <i>H</i>_c values are much larger than those of conventional hard magnetic ferrites

Conjunction of Chirality and Slow Magnetic Relaxation in the Supramolecular Network Constructed of Crossed Cyano-Bridged Co^II–W^V Molecular Chains

The addition of chiral 2,2′-(2,6-pyridinediyl)­bis­(4-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (<i>i</i>Pr-Pybox) to a self-assembled Co^II–[W^V(CN)₈] magnetic system gives two enantiomorphic cyano-bridged chains, {[Co^II((<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>)-<i>i</i>Pr-Pybox)­(MeOH)]₃[W^V(CN)₈]₂·​5.5MeOH·​0.5H₂O}_<i>n</i> (<b>1</b>-<i>SS</i>) and {[Co^II((<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>)-<i>i</i>Pr-Pybox) (MeOH)]₃[W^V(CN)₈]₂·​5.5MeOH·​0.5H₂O}_<i>n</i> (<b>1</b>-<i>RR</i>). Both compounds crystallize with a structure containing a unique crossed arrangement of one-dimensional chains that form a microporous supramolecular network with large channels (14.9 Å × 15.1 Å × 15.3 Å) filled with methanol. The investigated materials exhibited optical chirality, as confirmed by natural circular dichroism and UV–vis absorption spectra. <b>1</b>-(<i>SS</i>) and <b>1</b>-(<i>RR</i>) are paramagnets with cyano-mediated Co^II–W^V magnetic couplings that lead to a specific spin arrangement with half of the W^V ions coupled ferromagnetically with their Co^II neighbors and the other half coupled antiferromagnetically. Significant magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis along the [101] direction was confirmed by single-crystal magnetic studies and can be explained by the single-ion anisotropy of elongated octahedral Co^II sites. Below 3 K, the frequency-dependent χ_M^″(<i>T</i>) signal indicated slow magnetic relaxation characteristic of single-chain magnets

Conjunction of Chirality and Slow Magnetic Relaxation in the Supramolecular Network Constructed of Crossed Cyano-Bridged Co^II–W^V Molecular Chains

The addition of chiral 2,2′-(2,6-pyridinediyl)­bis­(4-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (<i>i</i>Pr-Pybox) to a self-assembled Co^II–[W^V(CN)₈] magnetic system gives two enantiomorphic cyano-bridged chains, {[Co^II((<i>S</i>,<i>S</i>)-<i>i</i>Pr-Pybox)­(MeOH)]₃[W^V(CN)₈]₂·​5.5MeOH·​0.5H₂O}_<i>n</i> (<b>1</b>-<i>SS</i>) and {[Co^II((<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>)-<i>i</i>Pr-Pybox) (MeOH)]₃[W^V(CN)₈]₂·​5.5MeOH·​0.5H₂O}_<i>n</i> (<b>1</b>-<i>RR</i>). Both compounds crystallize with a structure containing a unique crossed arrangement of one-dimensional chains that form a microporous supramolecular network with large channels (14.9 Å × 15.1 Å × 15.3 Å) filled with methanol. The investigated materials exhibited optical chirality, as confirmed by natural circular dichroism and UV–vis absorption spectra. <b>1</b>-(<i>SS</i>) and <b>1</b>-(<i>RR</i>) are paramagnets with cyano-mediated Co^II–W^V magnetic couplings that lead to a specific spin arrangement with half of the W^V ions coupled ferromagnetically with their Co^II neighbors and the other half coupled antiferromagnetically. Significant magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis along the [101] direction was confirmed by single-crystal magnetic studies and can be explained by the single-ion anisotropy of elongated octahedral Co^II sites. Below 3 K, the frequency-dependent χ_M^″(<i>T</i>) signal indicated slow magnetic relaxation characteristic of single-chain magnets

Structural Phase Transition between γ‑Ti₃O₅ and δ‑Ti₃O₅ by Breaking of a One-Dimensionally Conducting Pathway

The phase transition between gamma-trititanium-pentoxide (γ-Ti₃O₅) and delta-trititanium-pentoxide (δ-Ti₃O₅) was clarified from both experimental and theoretical viewpoints. With decreasing temperature, the monoclinic <i>I</i>2/<i>c</i> crystal structure of γ-Ti₃O₅ was found to switch to a monoclinic <i>P</i>2/<i>a</i> crystal structure of δ-Ti₃O₅ due to lowering of symmetry. Electrical conductivity (σ) measurement shows that γ-Ti₃O₅ behaves like a metallic conductor with a σ value of 4.7 S cm^–1 at 320 K, while δ-Ti₃O₅ shows a semiconductive property with a σ value of 2.5 × 10^–5 S cm^–1 at 70 K. Optical measurement also supports that γ-Ti₃O₅ is a metallic conductor, while δ-Ti₃O₅ is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.07 eV. First-principles calculations show that γ-Ti₃O₅ is a metallic conductor, and the energy state on the Fermi energy is composed of the 3d orbital of Ti and 2p orbital of O with one-dimensional linkage along the crystallographic <i>c</i>-axis. On the contrary, δ-Ti₃O₅ has a band gap, and the energy state around the Fermi energy is split into the valence band and the conduction band, which are assigned to the lower and upper Hubbard bands, respectively. Thus, the phase transition between γ-Ti₃O₅ and δ-Ti₃O₅ is caused by breaking of a one-dimensionally conducting pathway due to a Mott–Hubbard metal–insulator phase transition