11 research outputs found

    Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Birefringence of Poly(ionic liquids) in the Vicinity of Glass Transition Zone

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    Dynamic viscoelasticity and birefringence of two poly­(ionic liquid)­s, PC<sub>4</sub>VITfO and PC<sub>4</sub>VITFSI, are investigated to clarify the molecular origin of viscoelastic response of PILs. According to a previous study, PC<sub>4</sub>VITFSI having larger counterions shows a broader viscoelastic relaxation spectra around the glass-to-rubber transition zone than PC<sub>4</sub>VITfO. The rheo-optical data were analyzed with the modified stress-optical rule: The complex modulus for PC<sub>4</sub>VITfO was separated into two components, the rubbery and the glassy component, similarly to the ordinary amorphous polymers while for PC<sub>4</sub>VITFSI system an additional component was necessary in addition to the two ordinary components for a reasonable separation. From the frequency dependence, the additional component was attributed to the sub-Rouse mode of chain which is enhanced by the counterions decreasing the interchain interactions

    Combining Genomics To Identify the Pathways of Post-Transcriptional Nongenotoxic Signaling and Energy Homeostasis in Livers of Rats Treated with the Pregnane X Receptor Agonist, Pregnenolone Carbonitrile

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    Transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic, and metabolomic analyses were combined to determine the role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in nongenotoxic signaling and energy homeostasis in liver after rats were repeatedly orally dosed with the PXR agonist pregnenolone carbonitrile (PCN) for 7 days. Analyses of mRNAs and proteins in the supernatant, membrane, and cytosolic fractions of enlarged liver homogenates showed diverse expression profiles. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that the synchronous increase in mRNAs and proteins involved in chemical carcinogenesis and the response to drug was possibly mediated by the PXR pathway and proteasome core complex assembly was possibly mediated by the Nrf2 pathway. In addition, levels of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and involved in the acute-phase response showed specific increase with no change in mRNA level, and those composed of the mitochondrial inner membrane showed specific decrease. The analysis of phosphorylated peptides of poly­(A) RNA binding proteins showed a decrease in phosphorylation, possibly by casein kinase 2, which may be related to the regulation of protein expression. Proteins involved in insulin signaling pathways showed an increase in phosphorylation, possibly by protein kinase A, and those involved in apoptosis showed a decrease. Metabolomic analysis suggested the activation of the pentose phosphate and anaerobic glycolysis pathways and the increase of amino acid and fatty acid levels, as occurs in the Warburg effect. In conclusion, the results of combined analyses suggest that PXR’s effects are due to transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation with alteration of nongenotoxic signaling pathways and energy homeostasis

    Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives

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    We studied formation and structural characteristics of charge-transfer solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)­(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon

    Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives

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    We studied formation and structural characteristics of charge-transfer solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)­(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon

    Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives

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    We studied formation and structural characteristics of charge-transfer solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)­(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon

    Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives

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    We studied formation and structural characteristics of charge-transfer solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)­(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)­(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)­(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon

    Anxiety-like behaviors in CaMKIV KO mice.

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    <p>(A–F) Light/dark transition test: distance traveled in the light/dark compartments (A, E), time spent in the light compartment (B, F), latency to enter the light compartment (C), and number of light/dark transitions (D) were recorded. (G–L) Elevated plus maze: distance traveled (G), number of arm entries (H), percentage of time spent on open arms (I), percentage of entries into the open arms (J), percentage of time spent in the closed arms (K), and time spent in the center area (L) were recorded. (M, N) Open field test: total distance traveled (M) and time spent in the center of the compartment (N) were recorded. The p values indicate genotype effect in two-way ANOVA (A–D, G–L) and two-way repeated measures ANOVA (E, F, M, N).</p

    Fear memory in CaMKIV KO mice.

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    <p>(A–D) Contextual and cued fear conditional test: percentage of time freezing was recorded in conditioning (A), contextual (B), and cued (C) test. Distance traveled while receiving footshock was recorded (D). The p values indicate genotype effect in two-way repeated measures ANOVA. (E–G) Passive avoidance: latency to enter dark compartment was recorded. Three independent experiments were conducted. The p values indicate genotype effect in two-way ANOVA.</p

    Strategy and characterization of CaMKIV gene disruption.

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    <p>(A) Strategy for CaMKIV disruption. B, BamHI; Bs, BstEII; E, EcoRI; X, XhoI (B) Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs from wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous mice with a 3′ external probe. Genomic DNAs were digested with BamHI and subjected to hybridization with radioactive 3′ probe depicted in A. (C) In situ hybridization of sagittal sections of brains from wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous mice, showing complete attenuation of CaMKIV mRNA in CaMKIV null mouse. (D) Immunoblot analysis of brain extracts from wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous mice, showing the absence of CaMKIV protein in CaMKIV null mice. (E) Immunoblot analysis of hippocampi extracts from wild-type and homozygous mice, showing the expression level of CaMKIα, CaMKKα, CaMKKβ, CaMKIIα, CaMKIIβ, phosphporylated CaMKIIα, and phosphporylated CaMKIIβ. Typical results of the immunoreactive bands were shown in the upper panels (wild type in the left and CaMKIV-KO in the right lanes, respectively). The quantitative results (12–16 samples for each group) were shown in the lower panels.</p
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