11 research outputs found
Dynamic Viscoelasticity and Birefringence of Poly(ionic liquids) in the Vicinity of Glass Transition Zone
Dynamic
viscoelasticity and birefringence of two polyÂ(ionic liquid)Âs,
PC<sub>4</sub>VITfO and PC<sub>4</sub>VITFSI, are investigated to
clarify the molecular origin of viscoelastic response of PILs. According
to a previous study, PC<sub>4</sub>VITFSI having larger counterions
shows a broader viscoelastic relaxation spectra around the glass-to-rubber
transition zone than PC<sub>4</sub>VITfO. The rheo-optical data were
analyzed with the modified stress-optical rule: The complex modulus
for PC<sub>4</sub>VITfO was separated into two components, the rubbery
and the glassy component, similarly to the ordinary amorphous polymers
while for PC<sub>4</sub>VITFSI system an additional component was
necessary in addition to the two ordinary components for a reasonable
separation. From the frequency dependence, the additional component
was attributed to the sub-Rouse mode of chain which is enhanced by
the counterions decreasing the interchain interactions
Combining Genomics To Identify the Pathways of Post-Transcriptional Nongenotoxic Signaling and Energy Homeostasis in Livers of Rats Treated with the Pregnane X Receptor Agonist, Pregnenolone Carbonitrile
Transcriptomic, proteomic, phosphoproteomic,
and metabolomic analyses
were combined to determine the role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in
nongenotoxic signaling and energy homeostasis in liver after rats
were repeatedly orally dosed with the PXR agonist pregnenolone carbonitrile
(PCN) for 7 days. Analyses of mRNAs and proteins in the supernatant,
membrane, and cytosolic fractions of enlarged liver homogenates showed
diverse expression profiles. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that
the synchronous increase in mRNAs and proteins involved in chemical
carcinogenesis and the response to drug was possibly mediated by the
PXR pathway and proteasome core complex assembly was possibly mediated
by the Nrf2 pathway. In addition, levels of proteins in the endoplasmic
reticulum lumen and involved in the acute-phase response showed specific
increase with no change in mRNA level, and those composed of the mitochondrial
inner membrane showed specific decrease. The analysis of phosphorylated
peptides of polyÂ(A) RNA binding proteins showed a decrease in phosphorylation,
possibly by casein kinase 2, which may be related to the regulation
of protein expression. Proteins involved in insulin signaling pathways
showed an increase in phosphorylation, possibly by protein kinase
A, and those involved in apoptosis showed a decrease. Metabolomic
analysis suggested the activation of the pentose phosphate and anaerobic
glycolysis pathways and the increase of amino acid and fatty acid
levels, as occurs in the Warburg effect. In conclusion, the results
of combined analyses suggest that PXR’s effects are due to
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation with alteration
of nongenotoxic signaling pathways and energy homeostasis
Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives
We studied formation and structural
characteristics of charge-transfer
solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with
fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation
in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts
composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion
radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical
salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated
species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and
formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned
periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed
a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds
with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)Â(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated
H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry
and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type
of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and
F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by
H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon
Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives
We studied formation and structural
characteristics of charge-transfer
solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with
fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation
in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts
composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion
radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical
salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated
species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and
formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned
periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed
a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds
with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)Â(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated
H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry
and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type
of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and
F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by
H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon
Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives
We studied formation and structural
characteristics of charge-transfer
solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with
fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation
in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts
composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion
radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical
salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated
species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and
formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned
periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed
a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds
with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)Â(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated
H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry
and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type
of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and
F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by
H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon
Exploration of Charge-Transfer Solids Utilizing Nucleobases: Nanoarchitectures by Hydrogen-Bonds in the Ionic Assemblies of Guanine and TCNQ Derivatives
We studied formation and structural
characteristics of charge-transfer
solids of 9-<i>n</i>-butylguanine (<b>BuG</b>) with
fluorinated tetracyanoquinodimethane derivatives (F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ, <i>n</i> = 4, 2, and 1). Complex formation
in a methanol (MeOH)-containing solvent generated two types of salts
composed of either a methoxy-substituted anion or a fully ionic anion
radical of F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ. In all anion radical
salts, <b>BuG</b> existed as a protonated or a hemiprotonated
species, <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> or (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>), respectively, and
formed hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) assemblies. In these <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> assemblies, F<sub><i>n</i></sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> molecules were fixed and aligned
periodically, providing H-bonded polycationic templates. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
H-bonds formed a two-dimensional (2D) polycationic sheet. The F<sub>4</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> face-to-face dimers formed
a one-dimensional (1D) segregated column aided by formation of H-bonds
with <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>. In (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)Â(MeOH), <b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> dimers by complementary
double H-bonds formed a 1D polycationic ribbon supported by MeOH-mediated
H-bonds. A 1D mixed stack column of (<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)<sub>2</sub> and (F<sub>2</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>)<sub>2</sub> dimers was formed owing to their complementary geometry
and size. In (<b>BuG</b>)Â(<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup>)Â(F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup>), a new type
of <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> pair formed a 1D ribbon supported by complementary H-bonds, and
F<sub>1</sub>TCNQ<sup>•–</sup> dimers were aligned by
H-bonds with the <b>BuG</b>–<b>BuGH</b><sup><b>+</b></sup> ribbon
Comprehensive behavioral test battery of CaMKIV KO mice.
<p>Comprehensive behavioral test battery of CaMKIV KO mice.</p
Anxiety-like behaviors in CaMKIV KO mice.
<p>(A–F) Light/dark transition test: distance traveled in the light/dark compartments (A, E), time spent in the light compartment (B, F), latency to enter the light compartment (C), and number of light/dark transitions (D) were recorded. (G–L) Elevated plus maze: distance traveled (G), number of arm entries (H), percentage of time spent on open arms (I), percentage of entries into the open arms (J), percentage of time spent in the closed arms (K), and time spent in the center area (L) were recorded. (M, N) Open field test: total distance traveled (M) and time spent in the center of the compartment (N) were recorded. The p values indicate genotype effect in two-way ANOVA (A–D, G–L) and two-way repeated measures ANOVA (E, F, M, N).</p
Fear memory in CaMKIV KO mice.
<p>(A–D) Contextual and cued fear conditional test: percentage of time freezing was recorded in conditioning (A), contextual (B), and cued (C) test. Distance traveled while receiving footshock was recorded (D). The p values indicate genotype effect in two-way repeated measures ANOVA. (E–G) Passive avoidance: latency to enter dark compartment was recorded. Three independent experiments were conducted. The p values indicate genotype effect in two-way ANOVA.</p
Strategy and characterization of CaMKIV gene disruption.
<p>(A) Strategy for CaMKIV disruption. B, BamHI; Bs, BstEII; E, EcoRI; X, XhoI (B) Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs from wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous mice with a 3′ external probe. Genomic DNAs were digested with BamHI and subjected to hybridization with radioactive 3′ probe depicted in A. (C) In situ hybridization of sagittal sections of brains from wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous mice, showing complete attenuation of CaMKIV mRNA in CaMKIV null mouse. (D) Immunoblot analysis of brain extracts from wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous mice, showing the absence of CaMKIV protein in CaMKIV null mice. (E) Immunoblot analysis of hippocampi extracts from wild-type and homozygous mice, showing the expression level of CaMKIα, CaMKKα, CaMKKβ, CaMKIIα, CaMKIIβ, phosphporylated CaMKIIα, and phosphporylated CaMKIIβ. Typical results of the immunoreactive bands were shown in the upper panels (wild type in the left and CaMKIV-KO in the right lanes, respectively). The quantitative results (12–16 samples for each group) were shown in the lower panels.</p