Nonprofit Business Plan Development: From Vision, Mission and Values to Implementation

Describes steps for nonprofit planning, with sections that cover organizational assessment, vision and mission statements, goal-setting, and plan implementation

Sympathetic Tone Induced by High Acoustic Tempo Requires Fast Respiration

<div><p>Many studies have revealed the influences of music, and particularly its tempo, on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and respiration patterns. Since there is the interaction between the ANS and the respiratory system, namely sympatho-respiratory coupling, it is possible that the effect of musical tempo on the ANS is modulated by the respiratory system. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the relationship between musical tempo and respiratory rate on the ANS. Fifty-two healthy people aged 18–35 years participated in this study. Their respiratory rates were controlled by using a silent electronic metronome and they listened to simple drum sounds with a constant tempo. We varied the respiratory rate—acoustic tempo combination. The respiratory rate was controlled at 15 or 20 cycles per minute (CPM) and the acoustic tempo was 60 or 80 beats per minute (BPM) or the environment was silent. Electrocardiograms and an elastic chest band were used to measure the heart rate and respiratory rate, respectively. The mean heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) were regarded as indices of ANS activity. We observed a significant increase in the mean heart rate and the low (0.04–0.15 Hz) to high (0.15–0.40 Hz) frequency ratio of HRV, only when the respiratory rate was controlled at 20 CPM and the acoustic tempo was 80 BPM. We suggest that the effect of acoustic tempo on the sympathetic tone is modulated by the respiratory system.</p></div

The time series data of the HR of condition 4.

<p>The data were the average HRs of all the participants. The vertical axis indicates the normalized HR (percent of baseline of condition 4). The black line indicates the analyzed interval for the mean HR from t = 115 to t = 295. The gray line indicates the interval during which the participants were listening to auditory stimuli, without any analysis.</p

The HRV data and the mean HR of each session in Experiment 3.

<p>Conditions 3 and 4 were compared with the baseline of each condition represented on the left of each graph. A: LF/HF of the HRV of each condition. B: lnHF of the HRV of each condition. C: The mean HR of each condition. The bar graphs and error bars represent the mean±SEM. The statistical significance is indicated as *<i>p</i> < .05.</p

Schematic view of the neural mechanism of the auditory system, amygdala, respiratory system and medulla.

<p>The lateral amygdala receives neuronal input from the auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body) and auditory cortex (primarily association areas). The central amygdala projects to the nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla. The rostral ventrolateral medulla is the primary regulators of the sympathetic nervous system as regards vasoconstriction and arterial pressure. On the other hand, the ventral respiratory column, which includes the Bötzinger complex, which is considered a major source of rhythmic inspiratory activity, projects to the NTS and RVLM. The solid arrows represent neuronal connections.</p

The mean HR of each condition in Experiment 1.

<p>The vertical axis indicates the normalized mean HR (percent of baseline of each session). The bar graphs and error bars represent the mean±SEM. Statistical significance is indicated as ††<i>p</i> < .01 from the baseline, **<i>p</i> < .01, ***<i>p</i> < .001 from other conditions.</p

The details of experimental conditions.

<p>The combination of respiratory rate and acoustic tempo varies in each condition. CPM, cycles per minutes; BPM, beats per minutes.</p><p>The details of experimental conditions.</p

The HRV data and the mean HR of each session in Experiment 2.

<p>A: The mean HR of each condition. B: LF/HF of the HRV of each condition. C: lnHF of the HRV of each condition. The bar graphs and error bars represent the mean±SEM. The statistical significance is indicated as *<i>p</i> < .05, **<i>p</i> < .01.</p

Experimental procedures.

<p>A: Procedure for Experiment 1. B: Procedure for Experiment 2. C: Procedure for Experiment 3.</p

CD137 Is Induced by the CD40 Signal on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells and Transduces the Survival Signal <i>via</i> NF-κB Activation

<div><p>CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that is expressed on activated T cells. This molecule provides a co-stimulatory signal that enhances the survival, and differentiation of cells, and has a crucial role in the development of CD8 cytotoxic T cells and anti-tumor immunity. Here we report that CD137 expression is also induced on normal or malignant human B cells by CD40 ligation by its ligand CD154. This CD137 induction was more prominent in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells than in other types of B cells. CD137 stimulation on B cells by its ligand induced the nuclear translocation of p52 (a non-canonical NF-κB factor). In agreement with this finding, expression of the survival factor BCL-XL was upregulated. Consequently, the CD137 signal augmented the survival of CD154-stimulated CLL B cells <i>in vitro</i>. This unexpected induction of CD137 on B cells by CD40 signal may influence the clinical course of CLL.</p></div