Data_Sheet_1_Association between type 2 inflammatory diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders in low-birth-weight children and adolescents.docx

BackgroundEvidence of the association of certain neurodevelopmental disorder with specific type 2 inflammatory (T2) disease has been found. However, the association of various neurodevelopmental disorders with T2 diseases as a whole remains unclear in low-birth-weight (LBW) infants.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of type 2 inflammatory (T2) diseases with intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disability (LD) in LBW children and adolescents.MethodsThe study sample was derived from 2005 to 2018 National Health Interview Survey sample child files. LBW children and adolescents aged 3–17 were included. History of T2 diseases (including asthma and atopic dermatitis) and four neurodevelopmental disorders were reported by adults in families. The relationship between T2 diseases and the risk of four neurodevelopmental disorders was investigated through multiple-weighted logistic regression. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, region, highest education in family and ratio of family income to the poverty threshold were adjusted as covariates for model estimation. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age stratification (3–11 and 12–17 years), sex (male and female), and race (white and non-white).Results11,260 LBW children aged 3–17 years [mean age (SE), 9.73 (0.05) years] were included, in which 3,191 children had T2 diseases. History of T2 diseases was associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, with an OR of 1.35 (95% CI, 0.99–1.84) for ID, 1.47 (95% CI, 1.05–2.05) for ASD, 1.81 (95% CI, 1.51–2.16) for ADHD, and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.49–2.04) for LD following the adjustment of all the covariates. The correlations between T2 disorders and each of the four neurodevelopmental disorders were significantly different by sex and race (all P for interaction 0.05).ConclusionIn a nationally representative sample of children, we found a significant association of T2 diseases with ASD, ADHD, and LD, even after adjusting for demographic baseline. We also found that the association of T2 disease with neurodevelopmental disorders differed between sex and race. Further investigation is needed to evaluate causal relationships and elucidate their potential mechanisms.</p

Early-to-mid pregnancy sleep and circadian markers in relation to birth outcomes: An epigenetics pilot study

Maternal sleep and circadian health during pregnancy are emerging as important predictors of pregnancy outcomes, but examination of potential epigenetic mechanisms is rare. We investigated links between maternal leukocyte DNA methylation of circadian genes and birth outcomes within a pregnancy cohort. Women (n = 96) completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample at least once during early-to-mid pregnancy (average gestation weeks = 14.2). Leukocyte DNA was isolated and DNA methylation (average percent of methylation) at multiple CpG sites within BMAL1, PER1, and MTNR1B genes were quantified by pyrosequencing. Birth outcomes including gestational age at delivery, birthweight, and head circumference were abstracted from medical charts. Linear regression analyses were run between each CpG site with birth outcomes, adjusting for important confounders. Sleep duration and timing were assessed as secondary exposures. Higher methylation of a CpG site in PER1 was associated with smaller log-transformed head circumference (β=-0.02 with 95% CI −0.02 to 0.01; P, trend = 0.04). Higher methylation of MTNR1B (averaged across sites) was associated with lower log-transformed birthweight (−0.08 with 95% CI −0.16 to −0.01; P, trend = 0.0495). In addition, longer sleep duration was associated with higher birthweight (0.10 with 95% CI 0.02 to 0.18 comparing > 9 h to PER1 and MTNR1B genes, and sleep duration measured in early-to-mid pregnancy were related to birth outcomes.</p