Data for: Do 'Watching Eyes' Influence Antisocial Behaviour? A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis

Data supporting meta-analysis and systematic review of the 'Watching Eyes' effect on anti-social behaviour, accepted for publication in Evolution & Human Behaviour. The paper systematically reviews the eye cue literature noting failed replication attempts, and two meta-analyses which raise doubts about the reproducibility of the watching eyes effect on generosity. However, it also highlights that much of the wider evidence on eye cues has still not been systematically reviewed, notably that which is most relevant to its practical application: the effect of eye cues on antisocial behaviour. Given the evidence of humans' heightened sensitivity to threat and negative information, it is hypothesized that the watching eyes effect would be more consistent on antisocial behaviour. In a meta-analysis of 15 experiments from 13 research papers we find a reduction in the risk of antisocial behaviour of 35% when eye cues are present. By contrast, reviews suggest that CCTV cameras reduce crime by only 16%. Our meta-analytic evidence for a watching eyes effect on antisocial behaviour is sufficient to justify the use of eye cues in the very low-cost and potentially high-impact real-world interventions that are proliferating in public policy, particularly in the UK

Summary of papers employing predicted 25(OH)D score to examine associations between vitamin D status and health outcomes.

<p>^a Adjusted for waist circumference in <i>Stage II</i>;</p><p>^b Since backwards stepwise regression was employed, the instrumental variables used varied across regressions.</p><p>Summary of papers employing predicted 25(OH)D score to examine associations between vitamin D status and health outcomes.</p

<i>Stage-II</i> estimates of the coefficient for each of the variables (x, y, D) included in the Cox proportional hazard models for different specifications, Monte Carlo simulations, sample size 5000, <i>d</i>₁ = 0.2 and <i>δ</i>₁ = 0.4.

<p>^a<i>z</i>₁ is the only instrumental variable, but it is invalid;</p><p>^b<i>z</i>₁ and <i>z</i>₂ are the invalid and valid instrumental variables respectively;</p><p>^c<i>z</i>₂ is the only instrumental variable, and it is valid. Specification III is correct.</p><p><i>Stage-II</i> estimates of the coefficient for each of the variables (x, y, D) included in the Cox proportional hazard models for different specifications, Monte Carlo simulations, sample size 5000, <i>d</i>₁ = 0.2 and <i>δ</i>₁ = 0.4.</p

Estimates of the association between the 25(OH)D concentration and the health outcome (<i>ϴ</i>) according to the change in (a) <i>d</i>₁, with <i>δ</i>₁ = 0.4 and (b) <i>δ</i>₁, with <i>d</i>₁ = 0.2; sample size 5000, Specification I and II.

<p>Estimates of the association between the 25(OH)D concentration and the health outcome (<i>ϴ</i>) according to the change in (a) <i>d</i>₁, with <i>δ</i>₁ = 0.4 and (b) <i>δ</i>₁, with <i>d</i>₁ = 0.2; sample size 5000, Specification I and II.</p

Summary of characteristics according to vitamin D status (based on measured serum 25(OH)D concentration) among 4,002 adults of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–06), American adults who had three readings of systolic blood pressure.

<p>^a P values were derived from Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests;</p><p>^b P values for trend (two-sided) were derived from trend tests.</p><p>Summary of characteristics according to vitamin D status (based on measured serum 25(OH)D concentration) among 4,002 adults of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–06), American adults who had three readings of systolic blood pressure.</p

The effect of omitting <i>z</i> from the health outcome equation.

<p>In theory, the total effect of <i>z</i> on health outcome, H, is <i>δ</i> + <i>θd</i>. In practice, using <i>z</i> as an instrumental variable causes bias in the estimated effect of the 25(OH)D score, <i>D</i>, on the health outcome, because the direct effect of <i>z</i> on the health outcome is incorrectly captured as being mediated by <i>D</i>.</p

Additional file 1: of Investigating the patterns and determinants of seasonal variation in vitamin D status in Australian adults: the Seasonal D Cohort Study

Questionnaires and sun diary for the Seasonal D Study. (PDF 482 kb

Additional file 2: of Investigating the patterns and determinants of seasonal variation in vitamin D status in Australian adults: the Seasonal D Cohort Study

Reporting against the STROBE guidelines. (DOC 101 kb

Data_Sheet_1_Higher Non-processed Red Meat Consumption Is Associated With a Reduced Risk of Central Nervous System Demyelination.PDF

The evidence associating red meat consumption and risk of multiple sclerosis is inconclusive. We tested associations between red meat consumption and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination (FCD), often presaging a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. We used food frequency questionnaire data from the 2003–2006 Ausimmune Study, an incident, matched, case-control study examining environmental risk factors for FCD. We calculated non-processed and processed red meat density (g/1,000 kcal/day). Conditional logistic regression models (with participants matched on age, sex, and study region) were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and p-values for associations between non-processed (n = 689, 250 cases, 439 controls) and processed (n = 683, 248 cases, 435 controls) red meat density and risk of FCD. Models were adjusted for history of infectious mononucleosis, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, smoking, race, education, body mass index and dietary misreporting. A one standard deviation increase in non-processed red meat density (22 g/1,000 kcal/day) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of FCD (AOR = 0.81; 95%CI 0.68, 0.97; p = 0.02). When stratified by sex, higher non-processed red meat density (per 22 g/1,000 kcal/day) was associated with a 26% reduced risk of FCD in females (n = 519; AOR = 0.74; 95%CI 0.60, 0.92; p = 0.01). There was no statistically significant association between non-processed red meat density and risk of FCD in males (n = 170). We found no statistically significant association between processed red meat density and risk of FCD. Further investigation is warranted to understand the important components of a diet that includes non-processed red meat for lower FCD risk.</p

MSJ806103_supplemental_table_1 – Supplemental material for Estimation of annual probabilities of changing disability levels in Australians with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Supplemental material, MSJ806103_supplemental_table_1 for Estimation of annual probabilities of changing disability levels in Australians with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by Hasnat Ahmad, Ingrid van der Mei, Bruce V Taylor, Robyn M Lucas, Anne-Louise Ponsonby, Jeannette Lechner-Scott, Keith Dear, Patricia Valery, Philip M Clarke, Steve Simpson and Andrew J Palmer in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p