Trends of leukemia mortality in the United States, 1999-2018.

e19034 Background: Malignant neoplasms are the second leading cause of mortality in the United States. Among the cancer sites, leukemia is the seventh most common cause of deaths. It accounts for 3.2% of all new cases of cancer and 3.9% of all cancer deaths. The Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio (MIR) has previously been applied as a measure to examine health disparities and outcomes of cancer therapy. In this study, we aim to analyze leukemia incidence, mortality, and trends of MIR for gender and race over the previous two decades. Methods: We conducted a retrospective population-based study using Cancer Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research system (CDC WONDER). Subjects with leukemia as the cancer site were selected. Age-adjusted mortality and age-adjusted incidence rates for race and gender were obtained and reported over 100,000 people. Negative binomial regression analysis using age-adjusted rates was subsequently used to analyze mortality, incidence, and trends of MIR. Results: 448,893 deaths were reported to be associated with leukemia between 1999 and 2018, of which males accounted for 56.85%. A total of 894,726 incident cases of leukemia were recorded during the same period. Males had a higher age-adjusted mortality rate than females (9.3 vs 5.2, OR: 1.70 [1.48-1.95]). Compared to Native Americans, African Americans and White cohorts had substantially higher age-adjusted mortality rates (3.5, 6.0, 7.2, OR: reference, 1.74, 2.05), whereas Asians had a non-significantly higher rate (3.8, OR: 1.09 [0.87-1.36]). In males, incidence rates were significantly higher (17.9, OR: 1.61 [1.58-1.64]). Against White population, Asian and African American race had a significantly lower age-adjusted incidence rate (14.4, 7.9, 10.6, OR: reference, 0.60, 0.79), while Native American race had a significantly higher rate (8.2, OR: 1.15 [1.06-1.24]. The mortality-to-incidence ratio has decreased significantly over time in both male and female populations (22.82% and 27.62%, respectively), as well as in African American and White cohorts (24.36% and 23.24%, respectively). Conclusions: Over the last 20 years, the mortality-to-incidence rate ratio significantly declined, possibly suggesting the effectiveness of cancer treatment outcomes in the United States. Yet, the reduction in mortality was not observed in all races. More efforts and further research are needed to guide the policy change. </jats:p

Pre-treatment effects against the diclofenac-induced toxicity by the aqueous leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia on female Wistar albino rats for 10 and 15 days

Diclofenac is used to treat rheumatism disorders, which are associated with the damages of renal, gastric and hepatic organs. Diclofenac is a pharmaceutical drug that is known to induce toxicity on its overdosage and long-term usage. Madhuca longifolia is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity. It is an evergreen tree that is reported to have many ethnomedicinal uses. The other properties of Madhuca longifolia include anti-diabetic, analgesic and anti-microbial activities. Our study aims to evaluate the pre-treatment activity against the diclofenac-induced toxicity by the Madhuca longifolia aqueous leaf extract in Wistar albino rats for 10 and 15 days. Rats were divided as Group-I: Normal control, Group-II: Diclofenac on the last two days, Group-III and group-IIIa: Diclofenac + Aqueous Leaf Extract of Madhuca longifolia, Group-IV and group-IVb: Diclofenac + Silymarin, Group -V and group-Va: Aqueous Madhuca longifolia leaf extract. After the sacrifice, the rats were studied for antioxidant assay, renal enzyme markers, liver enzyme markers, and histopathological analysis of the kidney, stomach, intestine, and liver. As a result, we could identify that Madhuca longifolia has reduced the toxic changes in rats caused by diclofenac.</jats:p

Post-processing of wire-arc additive manufactured stainless steel 316 l bone staples using laser shock peening:a mechanical and antibacterial study

The paper presents the effect of post-processing with laser shock peening (LSP) on the mechanical and antibacterial properties of wire-arc additive manufactured (WAAM) SS316L bone staples. It is observed that the tensile strength and toughness of the WAAM-built SS316L bone staples improved significantly by LSP treatment, which is essential to their longevity and capacity to function under mechanical stress. The LSP-treated samples showed an enhanced presence of significant alloying elements like molybdenum, nickel, and chromium, which are essential for corrosion resistance, as well as a refined microstructure with fewer surface flaws. Furthermore, the antibacterial research showed that the LSP treatment gives the bone staples improved antibacterial qualities. A significant decrease in bacterial colonization was observed in the LSP-treated samples when compared across different periods (24, 48, and 72 h), suggesting the possibility of lower infection rates in clinical settings. SEM images displayed a reduction in biofilm formation with increasing LSP intensity, suggesting improved bacterial resistance due to surface smoothening and densification from LSP. This shows the effectiveness and significance of WAAM integrated with LSP to enhance the mechanical and antibacterial properties of SS316L bone staples, potentially leading to improved medical implants

Elucidating the impact of laser shock peening on the biocompatibility and corrosion behaviour of wire arc additive manufactured SS316L bone staples

This study investigates the impact of Laser Shock Peening (LSP) on the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of SS316L bone staples built using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). Corrosion tests reveal substantial improvements, with a decrease in corrosion current density from 32.137 × 10− 4 mA/cm² to 3.50864 × 10− 4 mA/cm², a reduction in corrosion rate from 3.66754 × 10− 2 mm/year to 0.400415 × 10− 2 mm/year. Surface hydrophobicity evaluated through contact angle measurements, demonstrates an increase to 98.85° at the highest LSP intensity of 15.0 GW/cm², indicating improved surface properties critical for biomedical applications. The cytotoxicity analysis and surface morphology indicate that the survival, morphology, and adherence of L929 fibroblast cells improve with increasing LSP intensity