PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BIOSURFAKTAN SEBAGAI PRAPENGOLAHAN LUMPUR DALAM MENURUNKAN TPH MELALUI OIL RECOVERY PADA TEKNIK BIOREMEDIASI FASE SLURRY

Abstrak: Limbah lumpur berminyak atau COCS adalah polutan yang harus mendapat perhatian dalam industri perminyakan karena jumlah dan kandungan hidrokarbonnya tinggi. Konsep oil recovery sebagai prapengolahan COCS didasarkan pada tingginya minyak yang terkandung dalamnya. Studi ini tidak hanya bertujuan mencegah pencemaran lingkungan tetapi juga bernilai ekonomi. Pada studi ini, dilakukan pengujian pengaruh biosurfaktan dalam menurunkan konsentrasi TPH pada COCS melalui oil recovery dan pengaruhnya pada degradasi mikroorganisme (petrea) pada bioremediasi Fase Slurry. Dosis pencampuran biosurfaktan meliputi rasio 1:1 dan 2:1 antara biosurfaktan dan COCS. Kecepatan pencampuran 32 rpm selama 18 jam dan didiamkan selama 24 jam. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan terbentuknya 3 fase setelah pencampuran yakni minyak (atas), air (tengah) dan solid (dasar). Sebesar 15 ml net oil berhasil diambil (rasio 1:1) dan 35 ml pada rasio 2:1. Penurunan TPH terjadi dari 20-22% menjadi 11,06-15,86% setelah penambahan biosurfaktan (rasio 1:1) dan turun kembali menjadi 7,5% (hari ke-32) setelah bioremediasi. Sedangkan penurunan TPH menjadi 11,73-14,94% pada rasio 2:1 dan turun kembali menjadi 5,6% (hari ke-9) setelah bioremediasi. Penurunan TPH yang signifikan selama bioremediasi kemungkinan disebabkan oleh biosurfaktan yang melarutkan hidrokarbon sehingga memudahkan bakteri mendegradasinya pada bioremediasi Fase Slurry. Konsentrasi logam berat yang rendah serta kondisi reaktor yang dikontrol pH (6-8) dan kelembabannya (30-80%) mendukung kerja bakteri. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa biosurfaktan sangat efektif sebagai prapengolahan lumpur untuk menurunkan TPH melalui oil recovery dan juga membantu petrea mendegradasi hidrokarbon.Kata kunci: Bioremediasi Fase Slurry, biosurfaktan, lumpur berminyak, oil recovery prapengolahan Abstract : Oily Sludge or COCS is a pollutant that should be concerned in the petroleum industry becaused a large amount and high contaminant content. The concept of oil recovery as a pretreatment of oily sludge is based on the high oil contain in COCS so it is not only aimed at the environmental pollution prevention but also economically. In this study, the focus are the influence of biosurfactant in reducing the TPH through oil recovery and its effects at the petrea in degrading hydrocarbon at Slurry Phase Bioremediation. The ratio between biosurfactant and COCS based on  1:1 and 2:1 ratio. The mixing speed was 32 rpm for 18 hours and stand for 24 hours. The experiment results shows the three separate phases after the addition of biosurfactant the oil (top), water (middle) and solid (bottom). For 15 ml of net oil successfully recovered  at 1:1 ratio and 35 ml at  2:1 ratio. TPH was deceased from 20-22% to 11.06-15,86% by biosurfactant and fell back to 7.5% (day 32 of the bioremediation process). In the 2:1 ratio, 11.73-15.49% TPH is achieved and fell back to 5.6% (day 9). The significantly TPH decreased during the bioremediation may be caused by the hydrocarbon dissolution of biosurfactant process so help the bacteria degradated the hydrocarbon. The low concentration of heavy metal and the controlling of pH (range 6-8) and moisture  (30-80%) were also supporting the work of bacteria. From this study, shown that biosurfactant is very effective as a pretreatment to decrease TPH through oil recovery and also help the petrea degradated the hydrocarbon Key words: Biosurfactant, oil recovery,  oily sludge, pretreatment, slurry phase bioremediation

PENYISIHAN PEWARNA TEKSTIL REAKTIF OLEH JAMUR PELAPUK PUTIH DAN EKSTRAK KASAR ENZIM LAKASE YANG DIPRODUKSI PADA SUBMERGED FERMENTATION FORM

Abstrak: Pengolahan air limbah tekstil yang mengandung antrakuinon dan pewarna azo merupakan tantangan besar karena struktur aromatik dan toksisitasnya yang kompleks. Penelitian ini mempelajari penyisihan pewarna antrakuinon reactive blue 4 (RB4), single azo reactive orange 16 (RO16), dan diazo reactive red 120 (RR120) juga reactive black 5 (RB5) dengan konsentrasi awal 150 mg/L dalam medium padat (PDA) dan submerged fermentation form (SFF) menggunakan berbagai jamur pelapuk putih (JPP). T. versicolor memiliki aktivitas enzim dominan terbaik (lakase) di antara JPP lain (186 U.l-1). Studi penyisihan warna diamati pada kondisi SFF dan hanya menggunakan ekstrak kasar enzim lakase. Untuk kultur cairan jamur menggunakan medium kirk, T. versicolor secara positif dapat menyisihkan pewarna tekstil reaktif. Diantara empat pewarna yang digunakan, RB4 memiliki persentase penyisihan warna tertinggi (99,99%), dibandingkan dengan RB5 (98,03%), RR120 (90,56%) dan RO16 (63,52%). Uji stabilitas pH dan suhu menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar enzim lakase memiliki aktivitas terbaik dalam kisaran pH 2,4 dan suhu 20 0C. Persentase penyisihan warna terbaik menggunakan ekstrak kasar enzim lakase adalah RB4 yaitu 99,84% dengan waktu inkubasi selama 60 menit. Metabolit yang terbentuk setelah biotransformasi oleh ekstrak kasar enzim lakase diamati menggunakan FTIR. Hasil spektra FTIR menunjukkan bahwa struktur antrakuinon, ikatan nitrogen, dan gugus amina RB4 dapat dipecah oleh ekstrak kasar enzim lakase. Studi toksisitas menggunakan Bacillus sp. menegaskan bahwa produk biotransformasi RB4 berkurang toksisitasnya dibandingkan dengan pewarna induk sebelum dilakukan pengolahan. Kata kunci: Azo, Antrakuinon, Jamur pelapuk putih, Lakase Abstract: Treatment of textile wastewater containing anthraquinone and azo dye is quite a huge challenge due to its complex aromatic structure and toxicity. This study investigated the decolorization of anthraquinone dye reactive blue 4 (RB4), Single azo reactive orange 16 (RO16), and diazo reactive red 120 (RR120) also reactive black 5 (RB5) with initial concentration of 150 mg/l in solid medium (PDA) and Submerged fermentation form (SFF) by various white rot fungi (WRF). T. versicolor has the best dominant enzyme activity (laccase) among others WRF (186 U.l-1). Decolorization study was observed in both SFF condition and using only crude enzyme. For SFF using kirk medium T. versicolor positively degrading reactive textile dyes. Among four different dyes, RB4 has the highest decolorization percentage (99.99%), compared to RB5 (98.03 %), RR120 (90.56 %) and RO16 (63.52 %). pH and thermo stability test show that laccase crude enzyme has the best activity in pH range 2.4 and temperature of 20 0C. The best decolouration percentage using crude enzyme is RB4 as obtained 99.84% in 60 min. The metabolites formed after biotransformation was characterized by FT-IR. The results of FTIR spectra showed that the anthraquinone structures, nitrogen linkages and amino groups of RB4 were destroyed by laccase crude enzyme. Toxicity study using Bacillus sp. confirmed that biotransformation product of RB4 is less toxic compared to parent dye.   Keywords: Azo, Anthraquinone, Laccase, White rot fung

Progress and Challenges of Biological Leaching of Heavy Metal in Coal Ash from a Power Plant

Bioleaching is a technique for reducing the heavy metal content of coal ash by using bacteria, fungi, or yeast. Previous studies in heavy metal bioleaching of coal ash discussed the factors affecting the process, but as yet there is little information on the challenges of using microorganisms. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain comprehensive information regarding the use of microorganisms in heavy metal bioleaching. Heavy metal concentrations in coal ash are low, and the metals are diverse. The components of coal ash are complexes that cannot leach certain heavy metals according to previous studies. These low concentrations and complex components make it difficult to investigate the bioleaching mechanism. The combination of biological and chemical interactions involves various components in this system. The high concentration of iron and heavy metal leached could be toxic for microorganisms. The process is influenced by several factors, such as particle size, pH, and pulp density. Most heavy metal bioleaching studies on coal ash have been conducted on a small scale to control conditions affecting the process. Bioleaching kinetics in coal is a liquid-solid reaction that can be represented by the shrinking core model, which was mainly used in this study

ANALISIS HASIL ISOLASI BAKTERI LOKAL TERHADAP KEMAMPUANNYA MENDEGRADASI BERBAGAI JENIS MINYAK BUMI

Abstrak: Salah satu yang kasus yang sering terjadi di Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan minyak bumi adalah terjadinya kontaminasi minyak ke tanah. Salah satu cara penanganannya adalah dengan pengolahan secara biologi dengan menggunakan bakteri. Sebelum dilakukan pengolahan, bakteri harus diuji terlebih dahulu untuk mengetahui kemampuannya dalam mendegradasi minyak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh isolat terbaik yang mampu mendegradasi beberapa jenis minyak bumi.  Penelitian ini menggunakan bakteri lokal yang terdapat pada tanah yang diindikasikan tercemar oleh oli. Penelitian diawali dengan mengisolasi bakteri yang berasal dari tanah tercemar oli ke media agar kaya nutrisi. Bakteri yang tumbuh dipilih beberapa untuk kemudian dimurnikan dan diuji pada media cair SBS (Standar Basal Salt) dengan tambahan berbagai jenis minyak yang akan diuji. Minyak yang akan diujikan berupa minyak tanah, solar, dan oli. Masing-masing minyak yang diujikan akan divariasikan dengan komposisi 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,3%, 0,4%, 0,5%, dan 0,6%. Uji degradasi minyak dilakukan selama 7 hari dengan rentang waktu 1 hari sekali. Hasilnya pertumbuhan diperoleh dua isolat yang memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi minyak yaitu isolat A-1 (Bacillus simplex) dan A-2 (Bacillus firmus). Uji pendegradasian bakteri terhadap minyak tanah, solar, dan oli dilakukan untuk mengetahui kinetika pertumbuhan bakteri. Hasil dari kinetika menunjukkan bahwa Bacillus simplex memiliki Ks = 4,26 g/L dan µmaks = 0,090/hari pada minyak tanah, Ks = 3,68 g/L dan µmaks = 1,240/hari pada solar, dan Ks = 2,06 g/L dan µmaks = 0,240/hari pada oli. Untuk Bacillus firmus Ks = 0,69 g/L dan µmaks = 0,056/hari pada minyak tanah, Ks = 8,00 g/L dan µmaks = 1,127/hari pada solar, dan Ks = 13,36 g/L dan µmaks = 0,543/hari pada oli. Dari hasil tersebut diketahui bahwa Bacillus simplex paling baik untuk mendegradasi minyak terutama pada jenis solar. Kata kunci: bakteri lokal, degradasi, isolat bakteri, minyak , Standard Basal Salt  Abstract : One of the cases that often occur in Indonesia which associated with petroleum is oil contaminated to soil. One of the methode to handling this is with biology process using the bacteria. Before do the process, bacteria must have tested before to know that ability for petroleum degradation. The purpose of this research is to get the best isolate for degrading some kind of petroleum. This reasearch is used local bacteria that obtained from soil indicated contaminated with oil. The research begin with isolation bacteria from contaminated soil with oil to rich nutrition agar. Bacteria were grown selected some for later purified and tested in liquid SBS medium with the addition of various types of oil to be tested. The oil will be tested in the form of kerosene, diesel, and oil. Each oil is tested to be varied with the composition of  0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6%. Oil degradation test performed for 7 days with 1 day of observation time span once. The results are found two kind of isolates that have skill to degradation oil that isolates are isolate A-1 (Bacillus simplex) and A-2 (Bacillus firmus). Bacteria degaradation test of kerosene, diesel, and oil did to know kinetic growth bacteria. Result from kinetic growth show that Bacillus simplex had Ks = 4,26 g/L and µmaks = 0,090/day on kerosene, Ks = 3,68 g/L and µmaks = 1,240/day on diesel, and Ks = 2,06 g/L and µmaks = 0,240/day on oil. For Bacillus firmus Ks = 0,69 g/L and µmaks = 0,056/day on kerosene, Ks = 8,00 g/L and µmaks = 1,127/day on diesel, and Ks = 13,36 g/L and µmaks = 0,543/day on oil. From that result know Bacillus simplex is the best for petroleum degradation especially for diesel.Keywords : bacterial isolates, degradation, local bacteria, oil , Standard Basal Sal

Probiotics and Bioremediation

Increased environmental contamination leads to a progressive decline in environmental quality. Probiotics play a role as remediation agents which are expected to be able to help the host in responding to environmental changes. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that favorably affect host (humans, animals, plants) by increasing the balance of intestinal microbes. Probiotics are used in livestock/aquaculture to improve growth performance through improved utilization of nutrients, reducing disease, also developing the immune system. In addition to feed supplements, certain types of probiotics act as bioremediation or decomposing agents of hazardous substances. The bioremediation system is the use of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae) or microbial products to degrade, reduce, or remove pollutants in the environment although in some cases plants are also utilized for this purpose called phytoremediation. When bioremediation occurs, enzymes produced by microorganisms modify toxic pollutants by changing the chemical structure of pollutants. This event is called biotransformation. In many cases, biotransformation leads to biodegradation, when toxic pollutants are degraded, the structure becomes simpler, and ultimately becomes harmless and non-toxic metabolites, that called mineralization

IMOBILISASI KULTUR CAMPURAN MIKROBA DAN KARAKTERISTIK AKTIFITASNYA DALAM MENURUNKAN ORGANIK DAN AMONIAK PADA LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK

Abstrak. Air limbah domestik yang mengandung senyawa organik dapat berpotensi mencemari lingkungan dan menyebabkan eutrofikasi bila tidak diolah. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi kandungan organik dari air limbah adalah dengan menggunakan IPAL yang memanfaatkan proses biologi. Proses biologi dinilai baik karena kandungan organik dari air limbah dapat berguna untuk pertumbuhan mikroba, operasionalnya murah, dan tidak menghasilkan produk sampingan yang berbahaya. Teknologi pengolahan air limbah secara konvensional umunya menggunakan prinsip pertumbuhan mikroba tersuspensi, adapun perkembangan teknologi pengolahan dewasa ini mengarah pada prinsip pertumbuhan mikroba terlekat, termasuk diantaranya adalah teknologi imobilisasi mikroba. Penggunaan mikroba terimobilisasi ini dinilai memiliki kelebihan yaitu konsentrasi selnya yang tinggi dan mampu berinteraksi dengan lingkungan ekstrim. Pada penelitian ini dibuat imobilisasi mikroba dengan tujuan untuk menurunkan kadar organik dari air limbah domestik, dengan 3 macam variasi penggunaan mikroba terimobilisasi sebanyak 3 g, 6 g, dan 9 g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reaktor dengan mikroba sebanyak 3 g, 6 g, dan 9 g mampu menurunkan kandungan organik COD dengan efisiensi sebesar 81,3%, 87,5%, dan 87,5%; BOD sebesar 83,96%, 93,75%, dan 93,34%; dan amonia sebesar 71,14%, 75,31%, dan 78,29%. Mikroba campuran yang terjerat dalam matriks alginate serta lama penyimpanan matriks tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah dan viabilitas sel mikroba. Kata kunci: alginat, imobilisasi, kultur campuran, limbah domestic, senyawa organik  Abstract. Domestic wastewater that contains organic compounds can potentially pollute the environment and cause eutrophication if not treated. One effort to reduce the organic content of wastewater is to use WWTP which utilizes biological processes. Biological processes are considered good because the organic content of wastewater can be useful for microbial growth, is inexpensive and does not produce harmful byproducts. Conventional wastewater treatment technology generally uses the principle of suspended microbial growth, while the development of treatment technology today leads to the principle of embedded microbial growth, including microbial immobilization technology. The use of immobilized microbes is considered to have advantages, namely high cell concentration and being able to interact with extreme environments. In this study microbial immobilisation was made with the aim of reducing organic content from domestic wastewater, with 3 variations of the use of immobilized microbes of 3 g, 6 g, and 9 g. The results showed that reactors with microbes of 3 g, 6 g and 9 g were able to reduce the organic content of COD with efficiencies of 81.3%, 87.5%, and 87.5%; BOD of 83.96%, 93.75% and 93.34%; and ammonia at 71.14%, 75.31% and 78.29%. Mixed microbes that are trapped in the alginate matrix and the length of storage of the matrix have no significant effect on the number and viability of microbial cells. Keywords: Alginate, domestic wastewater, immobilization, mixed culture, organic compoun

PENGARUH INTENSITAS CAHAYA TERHADAP PENYERAPAN GAS KARBONDIOKSIDA OLEH MIKROALGA TROPIS Ankistrodesmus sp. DALAM FOTOBIOREAKTOR

Abstrak: Mekanisme CCS secara biologis didapat dengan menggunakan mikroalga. Ankistrodesmus sp. adalah mikroalga tropis terpilih yang merupakan hasil isolasi dari kolam fakultatif 2b IPAL Bojongsoang. Pada proses fotosintesis, mikroalga menggunakan bahan anorganik yakni CO2 sebagai bahan utamanya yang akan dirombak menjadi bahan organik dan menghasilkan energi. Intensitas cahaya merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam mekanisme fotosintesis. Dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh cahaya untuk mengetahui efektifitas penyerapan CO2 yang ditandai dengan respon kultur. Dari penelitian awal diketahui bahwa fase pertumbuhan  Ankistrodesmus sp. memiliki waktu generasi 7.93 per jam, Laju pertumbuhan spesifik (µs) memiliki nilai sebesar 0.9913 sel/hari dan umur inokulum 3 hari. Pada percobaan selanjutnya diperoleh bahwa efisiensi penyerapan CO2 tertinggi terjadi pada konsentrasi 5% pada intensitas 4000 luks (23.38%). Penambahan 5% konsentrasi CO2 menunjukkan pertumbuhan sel yang tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi 2 dan 0 %. Nilai biomassa kering mengalami kenaikan masing-masing 32.3% pada 2% CO2 dan 21.67% pada CO2 5% setelah intensitas dinaikkan menjadi 4000 luks.Pada variasi 2% CO2 terjadi peningkatan kandungan klorofil sebesar 28.24% ketika intensitas cahaya dinaikkan menjadi 4000 lux 24/0. Sebaliknya pada variasi 0 dan 5 % CO2 kandunganklorofil mengalami penurunan. Intensitas cahaya  4000 luks dengan periodisasi 24/0 dapat menyebabkan CO2  terserap secara optimum

Decolorisation of batik waste water by Marasmiellus palmivorus using modified fixed bed reactor

Batik waste water is dominated by textile dyes that are recalcitrant, hydrophobic, and molecular complexes. Azo, Nitroso, Azine, and Thiazolesare are among synthetic dyes used in batik industry. One of the well known white root fungus species that is able to degrade such dyes is Marasmiellus palmivorus. It has the ability to produce various enzymes such as manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and laccase. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) catalyzes wide variety of aromatic hydrogen oxidation by reduction of oxygen and water. This research was conducted using two types of azo dye coloring agents, namely Levafix blue E-RA gran and Telon Red. This study was performed using optimized age of Solid State Fermentation (SSF), which was then inserted into a modified fixed bed reactor for 4 hours. Reduction of the color was observed every 15 minutes and the substrate used for growth of fungus was sawdust. The experiments demonstrated that crude enzyme of MarasmiellusSSF had activity of 97.8 U/L using ABTS reagent at 22-day of age bag log incubation. The total protein content, which was measured using the Bradford reagent, peaked at 154 mg/L on the 10th day. Such results indicated the great potential of utilizing Marasmiellus-SSF in modified fixed bad reactor to treat batik waste water

Synthesis of TiO2 Nanofiber-Nanoparticle Composite Catalyst and Its Photocatalytic Decolorization Performance of Reactive Black 5 Dye From Aqueous Solution

In this study, synthesis of TiO2 nanofiber-nanoparticle composite photocatalyst was carried out and its photocatalytic decolorization performance was investigated. TiO2 nanofibers were developed by electrospinning. The TiO2 nanoparticle films were prepared by dipping the glass substrates into a sol solution made by sol-gel method. The TiO2 nanofiber-nanoparticle composite was immobilized on glass plates and annealed at 500 °C. The effects of pH and catalyst loading were studied during a photocatalytic decolorization experiment using simulated dyeing wastewater containing Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The photocatalytic decolorization performance with 60 min of UV-irradiation time using the TiO2 nanofiber-nanoparticle composite was found to be higher (94.4%) than that of the TiO2 nanofibers (75.5%) and the TiO2 nanoparticle catalyst (74.1%). An alkaline condition and high catalyst loading were found to be preferable to achieve optimum photocatalytic decolorization of Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The TiO2 nanofiber-nanoparticle composite could be recovered after reusing multiple times through re-annealing at a high temperature. TiO2 nanofibers based on a composite catalyst that is strongly immobilized on glass plates enlarges the prospect of the photocatalytic method as a compact, practical and effective advanced treatment process for effluents from textile wastewater