Palladium-Catalyzed <i>ortho</i>–C‑H Arylation of Acetophenone Oxime Ethers with Aryl Pinacol Boronic Esters

We report an efficient palladium-catalyzed <i>ortho</i>–C-H arylation of acetophenone oxime ethers with aryl pinacol boronic esters, leading to the synthesis of biaryl derivatives in good yields. Sequential process of iridium-catalyzed C–H borylation and palladium-catalyzed <i>ortho</i>–C-H arylation directed to access functionalized arenes

Polypyrrole/Graphene/Polyaniline Ternary Nanocomposite with High Thermoelectric Power Factor

Polypyrrole/Graphene/Polyaniline (PPy/GNs/PANi) ternary nanocomposite with high thermoelectric power factor has been successfully prepared through the combination of in situ polymerization and solution process. FTIR, Raman spectra, XRD, and SEM analyses show the strong π–π interactions existed among PPy, GNs, and PANi, leading to the formation of more ordered regions in the composite. Both the in situ polymerization and solution process can enhance the dispersion homogeneity of graphene in the polymer matrix, bringing about increased nanointerfaces in the PPy/GNs/PANi composite. The thermoelectric properties of Polypyrrole/Graphene (PPy/GNs), Polyaniline/Graphene (PANi/GNs), and PPy/GNs/PANi composites are measured at different temperatures after being cold pressed. Consequently, the PPy/GNs/PANi composite with 32 wt % graphene demonstrates optimal electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and extremely high power factor of up to 52.5 μ W m^–1 K^–2, which is almost 1.6 × 10³ times, 1.4 × 10³ times, 2.7 times, and 3.6 times higher than those of the pure PANi, pure PPy, PPy/GNs composite, and PANi/GNs composite, respectively

High-Symmetry Epitaxial Growth under Solvothermal Conditions: A Strategy for Architectural Growth of Tubular and Nontubular CaTiO₃ Microstructures with Regular Geometrical Morphologies and Tunable Dimensions

This paper reports on the architectural growth of CaTiO₃ microstructures with regular geometrical morphologies and tunable dimensions under simple solvothermal conditions by using a mixture of ethanol and water as solvent, calcium nitrate and tetrabutyltitanate as starting materials, and NaOH as mineralizer. The microstructures can be divided into tubular and nontubular types, both of which can be further divided into one-, two-, and three-dimensional microstructures. The tubular/nontubular structures and the dimensions of the microstructures can be achieved by adjusting the initial NaOH concentration and the volume ratio of ethanol to water, respectively. The growth mechanism responsible for the formation of the CaTiO₃ microstructures was investigated. A high-symmetry epitaxial growth process confers regular geometrical morphologies on the CaTiO₃ microstructures: the fast stacking interplay of the {111} planes results in a rectangular structure, and the epitaxial growth limited in the three perpendicular directions forms a perpendicular structure, thus generating the regular geometrical microstructures. The results suggest that high-symmetry epitaxial growth under solvothermal conditions should be a convenient and effective approach for the growth of regular geometrical CaTiO₃ microstructures, which may find importance in many fields

Fabrication of Ordered ZnO/TiO₂ Heterostructures via a Templating Technique

Two kinds of ordered ZnO/TiO₂ heterostructures were fabricated via a facile approach. The architecture of the TiO₂ substrate could be controlled by alternating the filling forms of the template, and the morphology of the secondary ZnO nanostructure could be further tuned by adjusting the parameters of the hydrothermal reaction. Then two different morphologies of ZnO/TiO₂ heteroarchitectures with ZnO nanorods and nanoplates growing on TiO₂ shells and bowls were successfully achieved, respectively

Calcium curves for different GluN2 subunit containing NMDARs.

<p>Dependence of NMDAR-mediated calcium on AP timing is different for each GluN2 subunit. Normalized peak NMDAR calcium is plotted for each AP timing interval (Δt) using the 30 ms STDP protocol. Spines stimulated are 40 µm from the soma.</p

STDP protocol type changes calcium influx through NMDAR.

<p><b>A</b>. Model traces showing each STDP protocol. Scale bars: 10 mV vertical, 10 ms horizontal. <b>B</b>. NMDAR-mediated calcium during positive (solid color line) and negative (dotted color line) Δt compared to calcium through NMDA during synaptic stimulation only (No AP, solid black line). Scale bars: 2 µM [Ca²⁺] vertical, 50 ms horizontal. <b>C</b>. Model calcium curves showing change in peak NMDAR calcium as a percentage of control (synapse stimulation with no AP). Spines stimulated are 40 µm from the soma. <b>D</b>. Example single experiments showing tLTP in response to 30 ms depolarization STDP, but not to 5 ms depolarization STDP. pre = average of baseline EPSCs prior to STDP; post = average of EPSCs around 60 minutes after STDP. Scale bars: 100 pA vertical, 20 ms horizontal. <b>E</b>. All experimental data points approximately 60 minutes after STDP protocol application as % of baseline. 5 ms depolarization STDP failed to induced significant tLTP when compared to 30 ms depolarization STDP. (*** = p<0.0001).</p

Maximal conductance and permeability for ionic channels.

<p>Gbar = maximal conductance S/M² = Siemans per meter squared; Pbar = maximal calcium permeability. Prox dend = proximal dendrites; mid dend = middle dendrites; dist dend = distal dendrites.</p

Model cell shows MSPN characteristics.

<p><b>A</b>. Morphology of model MSPN (not to scale). Inset: tertiary dendrites have 11 segments each 36 µm in length. <b>B</b>. Comparison traces demonstrating latency to first AP in the model MSPN and an experimental whole-cell recording of a mouse MSPN. Both traces are a voltage response to current injection of 280 pA. Scale bars: 20 mV vertical, and 100 ms horizontal. <b>C</b>. Comparison current-voltage relationships (−500 pA to 200 pA) for the model MSPN and an experimental recording demonstrating inward rectification. Scale bars: 10 mV vertical, and 100 ms horizontal. <b>D</b>. current-voltage relationship for computational model compared with mean current-voltage relationship from 25 MSPNs of the mouse dorsal striatum. (See also <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002493#pcbi.1002493.s003" target="_blank">Text S1</a>: Supplemental Methods) Error bars ±SD.</p

Distance from soma reduces dependence on AP timing.

<p><b>A</b>. Illustration of dendritic branch, showing the decay of the EPSP traveling from either the tertiary (red) or secondary (blue) dendritic spines. In all panels “tertiary” refers to the third segment of the tertiary dendrite (tert 3). Scale bars 0.5 mV vertical, 10 ms horizontal. <b>B</b>. Overlay of tertiary and secondary EPSPs as seen at the spine. Scale bars: 0.5 mV vertical, 10 ms horizontal. <b>C</b>. Overlay of tertiary and secondary EPSPs for the same stimulations in <b>B</b> as seen at the soma. Scale bars: 0.5 mV, 10 ms <b>D</b>. Spine depolarizations resulting from the back-propagating AP for the primary, secondary, and tertiary dendrites. Scale bars: 10 mV vertical, 5 ms horizontal. <b>E</b>. Peak NMDAR calcium curves for each GluN2 subunit on the tertiary dendrite and the secondary dendrite. Insets: NMDAR-mediated calcium traces for secondary (top) and tertiary (bottom) dendrites for positive (Δt = +11 ms, solid color), negative (Δt = −12 ms, dotted color) and no AP control conditions (solid black). Scale bars 1 µM, vertical, 10 ms horizontal.</p