Synthesis of Silver Nanowires Using a Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Free Method with an Alpinia zerumbet Leaf Based on the Oriented Attachment Mechanism

In this study, silver nanowires (AgNWs) were successfully synthesized by using a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-free hydrothermal method with an Alpinia zerumbet leaf chunk as a reducing agent and template. Meanwhile, the mechanism of biomass synthesis of AgNWs is also explored. The AgNWs have a diameter of ∼77 nm and a length of ∼10 μm. During the hydrothermal process, the biomass initially serves as a reducing agent to reduce silver ions. As the reaction proceeds, the biomass will form a pipe-shaped soft template by hydrothermal carbonization. Silver ions are adsorbed and reduced along the pipe-shaped soft templates to form silver nanorods, and adjacent nanorods are merged to AgNWs. Thus, AgNWs are grown along the pipeline soft template based on the oriented attachment mechanism. Inspired by this, the mechanism of the polyol method was further investigated. In the initial growth stage, AgNWs synthesized by the polyol method have a V-shaped notch. Therefore, AgNWs synthesized by the polyol method may also grow on the basis of the oriented attachment mechanism with PVP as a template

MOESM1 of Increased Th17 cells and IL-17A exist in patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and promote proliferation and resistance to daunorubicin through activation of Akt signaling

Additional file 1: Table S1. The sequences of the primers used for real-time qPCR

Image_4_Spatial Expression and Functional Analysis of Casparian Strip Regulatory Genes in Endodermis Reveals the Conserved Mechanism in Tomato.TIF

<p>Casparian strip (CS) is an impregnation of endodermal cell wall, forming an apoplastic diffusion barrier which forces the symplastic and selective transport of nutrients across endodermis. This extracellular structure can be found in the roots of all higher plants and is thought to provide the protection of vascular tissues. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox regulating the formation of Casparian strips has emerged recently. However, Arabidopsis has the stereotypical root which is much simpler than most other plant species. To understand the Casparian strip formation in a more complex root system, we examined CS regulatory pathways in tomato. Our results reveal a spatiotemporally conserved expression pattern of most essential components of CS machinery in tomato. Further functional analyses verify the role of homologous CS genes in the Casparian strip formation in tomato, indicating the functional conservation of CS regulatory cascade in tomato.</p

Table_1_Spatial Expression and Functional Analysis of Casparian Strip Regulatory Genes in Endodermis Reveals the Conserved Mechanism in Tomato.PDF

<p>Casparian strip (CS) is an impregnation of endodermal cell wall, forming an apoplastic diffusion barrier which forces the symplastic and selective transport of nutrients across endodermis. This extracellular structure can be found in the roots of all higher plants and is thought to provide the protection of vascular tissues. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox regulating the formation of Casparian strips has emerged recently. However, Arabidopsis has the stereotypical root which is much simpler than most other plant species. To understand the Casparian strip formation in a more complex root system, we examined CS regulatory pathways in tomato. Our results reveal a spatiotemporally conserved expression pattern of most essential components of CS machinery in tomato. Further functional analyses verify the role of homologous CS genes in the Casparian strip formation in tomato, indicating the functional conservation of CS regulatory cascade in tomato.</p

Table_3_Spatial Expression and Functional Analysis of Casparian Strip Regulatory Genes in Endodermis Reveals the Conserved Mechanism in Tomato.PDF

<p>Casparian strip (CS) is an impregnation of endodermal cell wall, forming an apoplastic diffusion barrier which forces the symplastic and selective transport of nutrients across endodermis. This extracellular structure can be found in the roots of all higher plants and is thought to provide the protection of vascular tissues. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox regulating the formation of Casparian strips has emerged recently. However, Arabidopsis has the stereotypical root which is much simpler than most other plant species. To understand the Casparian strip formation in a more complex root system, we examined CS regulatory pathways in tomato. Our results reveal a spatiotemporally conserved expression pattern of most essential components of CS machinery in tomato. Further functional analyses verify the role of homologous CS genes in the Casparian strip formation in tomato, indicating the functional conservation of CS regulatory cascade in tomato.</p

Image_5_Spatial Expression and Functional Analysis of Casparian Strip Regulatory Genes in Endodermis Reveals the Conserved Mechanism in Tomato.TIF

<p>Casparian strip (CS) is an impregnation of endodermal cell wall, forming an apoplastic diffusion barrier which forces the symplastic and selective transport of nutrients across endodermis. This extracellular structure can be found in the roots of all higher plants and is thought to provide the protection of vascular tissues. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox regulating the formation of Casparian strips has emerged recently. However, Arabidopsis has the stereotypical root which is much simpler than most other plant species. To understand the Casparian strip formation in a more complex root system, we examined CS regulatory pathways in tomato. Our results reveal a spatiotemporally conserved expression pattern of most essential components of CS machinery in tomato. Further functional analyses verify the role of homologous CS genes in the Casparian strip formation in tomato, indicating the functional conservation of CS regulatory cascade in tomato.</p

Haplotype frequencies of FTO genetic variants in overweight (n = 178) and controls (n = 223).

<p>Haplotype frequencies of FTO genetic variants in overweight (n = 178) and controls (n = 223).</p

The association of FTO gene SNP with obesity related parameters.

<p>Notes M: male; F: female;</p><p>After adjusting for multiple test, <i>P</i>>0.05.</p

Pairwise linkage disequilibrium.

<p>Pairwise linkage disequilibrium.</p

Allele and genotype frequencies of FTO genetic variants in overweight (n = 178) and controls (n = 223).

<p>Allele and genotype frequencies of FTO genetic variants in overweight (n = 178) and controls (n = 223).</p