The effect of working air gap on the tested electromagnetic forces of electromagnet with variable pole area and planar pole electromagnet.

The effect of working air gap on the tested electromagnetic forces of electromagnet with variable pole area and planar pole electromagnet.</p

The influence of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.

The influence of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.</p

Cross-sectional scheme of electromagnetic diaphragm pump with electromagnet with variable pole area.

1- pump body; 2-single-direction valve; 3-diaphragm; 4-spring; 5-electromagnetic coil; 6-ejector pin; 7-the iron core; 8-magnetic isolation ring; 9-the inner armature; 10-the outer armature; 11-sleeve.</p

Comparison of the electromagnetic force between the calculations results with the experimental results at different working air gap between the outer armature and the iron core.

Comparison of the electromagnetic force between the calculations results with the experimental results at different working air gap between the outer armature and the iron core.</p

The parameters of electromagnet prototype with variable pole area.

The parameters of electromagnet prototype with variable pole area.</p

The effect of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.

The effect of working air gap on the deviation between the tested electromagnetic force of electromagnet with variable pole area and the tested electromagnetic force of planar pole electromagnet.</p

Equivalent magnetic circuit of electromagnet with variable pole area.

Equivalent magnetic circuit of electromagnet with variable pole area.</p

Comparison of the electromagnetic force between the calculations results with the experimental results at different working air gap between the outer armature and the iron core.

Comparison of the electromagnetic force between the calculations results with the experimental results at different working air gap between the outer armature and the iron core.</p

TiO₂-Coated Ultrathin SnO₂ Nanosheets Used as Photoanodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency

Ultrathin SnO₂ nanosheets were prepared by a hydrothermal method using SnF₂ and methenamine as precursor and morphology controlling agent, respectively. Structural characterizations indicate that these ultrathin SnO₂ nanosheets having a thickness of approximately 4–6 nm can assemble into a three-dimensional, flowerlike architecture. Due to the higher electron mobility and enhanced light-scattering effect of these hierarchical structures, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on such SnO₂ architectures exhibit much higher cell performance than that of SnO₂ nanoparticles. Furthermore, coating a TiO₂ layer on these ultrathin SnO₂ nanosheets can also significantly improve the short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor. Compared with the plain SnO₂ nanosheets, the TiO₂ coating on these ultrathin SnO₂ nanosheets can lead to more than 7 times improvement in the energy conversion efficiency. With a thin layer of TiO₂ coating, the highest overall photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs based on SnO₂ nanosheets is approximately 2.82%, which is over 2 times higher than that of DSSCs constructed by conversional SnO₂ nanoparticles

The effect of working air gap on the tested electromagnetic forces of electromagnet with variable pole area and planar pole electromagnet.

The effect of working air gap on the tested electromagnetic forces of electromagnet with variable pole area and planar pole electromagnet.</p