Trends in the density (Number /km²) of vervet monkey, guinea fowl, giraffe, wildebeest, impala, buffalo, warthog and waterbuck for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.

<p>Trends in the density (Number /km²) of vervet monkey, guinea fowl, giraffe, wildebeest, impala, buffalo, warthog and waterbuck for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.</p

Trends in the density (Number /km²) of hyena, baboon, Grant’s gazelle, Grevy’s zebra, lion, spring hare, Burchell’s zebra, bushpig, white rhino, rock hyrax, topi and oryx for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.

<p>Trends in the density (Number /km²) of hyena, baboon, Grant’s gazelle, Grevy’s zebra, lion, spring hare, Burchell’s zebra, bushpig, white rhino, rock hyrax, topi and oryx for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.</p

Temporal trends in the aggregate biomass of the 32 herbivore species, 4 primate species and 8 carnivore species counted in the Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy from 1996 to 2015.

<p>The species and their unit weights [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0169730#pone.0169730.ref039" target="_blank">39</a>] are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0169730#pone.0169730.s008" target="_blank">S2 Table</a> in the supplementary materials. The vertical needles are the biomass estimates, the thick solid line is the trend line and the band around the line is the 95% confidence band fitted by penalized cubic basis spline regression.</p

The estimated variances of the disturbance terms, the variances of the irregular component, damping factor and period of the cycles in annual, wet and dry season rainfall components.

<p>The estimated variances of the disturbance terms, the variances of the irregular component, damping factor and period of the cycles in annual, wet and dry season rainfall components.</p

Trends in the density (Number /km²) of dik dik, eland, African hare, jackal, duiker, hippopotamus, Thomson’s gazelle, aardvark, serval cat, colobus monkey, bat-eared fox and reedbuck for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.

<p>Trends in the density (Number /km²) of dik dik, eland, African hare, jackal, duiker, hippopotamus, Thomson’s gazelle, aardvark, serval cat, colobus monkey, bat-eared fox and reedbuck for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.</p

Trends in the density (Number /km²) of steinbuck, bushbuck, hartebeest, Greater kudu, klipspringer, mongoose, oribi, porcupine, cheetah, leopard, ostrich and Sykes monkey for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.

<p>Trends in the density (Number /km²) of steinbuck, bushbuck, hartebeest, Greater kudu, klipspringer, mongoose, oribi, porcupine, cheetah, leopard, ostrich and Sykes monkey for the entire Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy during 1996–2015.</p

a) The distribution of the total monthly rainfall across months in Nakuru Wildlife conservancy averaged over 1967 and 2011 and the standardized deviates for the b) annual, c) wet season and d) dry season rainfall components.

<p>The vertical needles in panels <b>b</b>-<b>d</b> are the observed standardized deviates, the thick solid lines are the 4-year moving averages for the annual and wet season rainfall components and the 3-year moving average for the dry season rainfall component. The dashed horizontal lines are the percentiles of the standardized deviates for each rainfall component. The two dashed curves in the panel for the wet season rainfall are the secondary cycles with 3.5 and 2.2-year periods.</p

Significance analysis of components (based on the final state).

<p>Significance analysis of components (based on the final state).</p

Relationships between apparent fecundity and the best-supported rainfall block spanning conception months for each ungulate species for the early wet (Nov-Dec), late wet (Jan-June) and dry (Jul-Oct) seasons of conceptions for a) topi, b) warthog, c) hartebeest and d) impala.

<p>Relationships between apparent fecundity and the best-supported rainfall block spanning conception months for each ungulate species for the early wet (Nov-Dec), late wet (Jan-June) and dry (Jul-Oct) seasons of conceptions for a) topi, b) warthog, c) hartebeest and d) impala.</p

Relationships between a) early births (August-October), b) modal births (November-December), c) late births (January-March) and e) annual fecundity and early rainfall (September-February) in the current year; d) late births and late rainfall (March-June), f) annual fecundity and g) juvenile survival and annual rainfall (Nov-Jun) in the current year; h) juvenile survival and i) yearling survival and early rainfall in the preceding year for topi.

<p>The patterns for topi well illustrate those for the other species.</p