Survey weighted univariate regressions.

<p>Survey weighted univariate regressions.</p

The relationship of lung function with ambient temperature

<div><p>Background</p><p>Lung function is complex trait with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to variation. It is unknown how geographic factors such as climate affect population respiratory health.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To determine whether ambient air temperature is associated with lung function (FEV₁) in the general population.</p><p>Design/Setting</p><p>Associations between spirometry data from two National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) periods representative of the U.S. non-institutionalized population and mean annual ambient temperature were assessed using survey-weighted multivariate regression.</p><p>Participants/Measurements</p><p>The NHANES III (1988–94) cohort included 14,088 individuals (55.6% female) and the NHANES 2007–12 cohort included 14,036 individuals (52.3% female), with mean ages of 37.4±23.4 and 34.4±21.8 years old and FEV₁ percent predicted values of 99.8±15.8% and 99.2±14.5%, respectively.</p><p>Results</p><p>After adjustment for confounders, warmer ambient temperatures were associated with lower lung function in both cohorts (NHANES III <i>p</i> = 0.020; NHANES 2007–2012 <i>p</i> = 0.014). The effect was similar in both cohorts with a 0.71% and 0.59% predicted FEV₁ decrease for every 10°F increase in mean temperature in the NHANES III and NHANES 2007–2012 cohorts, respectively. This corresponds to ~2 percent predicted difference in FEV₁ between the warmest and coldest regions in the continental United States.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In the general U.S. population, residing in regions with warmer ambient air temperatures was associated with lower lung function with an effect size similar to that of traffic pollution. Rising temperatures associated with climate change could have effects on pulmonary function in the general population.</p></div

Adjusted survey weighted multivariate regressions to assess the effect of spirometry temperature in the NHANES III cohort^*.

<p>Adjusted survey weighted multivariate regressions to assess the effect of spirometry temperature in the NHANES III cohort^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0191409#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Survey weighted multivariate regressions unadjusted and adjusted for potential confounders for study population.

<p>Survey weighted multivariate regressions unadjusted and adjusted for potential confounders for study population.</p

Survey weighted means (± S.E.) for study cohorts.

<p>Survey weighted means (± S.E.) for study cohorts.</p

Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants with Pulmonary Hypertension

<div><p>Background</p><p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a significant cause of morbidity in preterm infants, but no screening guidelines exist. We sought to identify risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with PH in preterm infants to develop a PH risk score.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Retrospective analysis of two separate populations of preterm infants (NICU cohort n = 230; Clinic registry n = 580).</p><p>Results</p><p>8.3% of the NICU cohort had PH after 4 weeks of age, while 14.8% of the clinic registry had PH after 2 months of age. Lower birth weights and longer initial hospitalizations were associated with PH in both populations (<i>p</i><0.001 for all tests). Using adjusted logistic regression, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) requiring ligation was associated with PH in both the NICU cohort (OR: 3.19; <i>p</i> = 0.024) and the clinic registry (OR: 2.67; <i>p</i><0.001). Risk factors (birth weight ≤780 grams, home supplemental oxygen use, and PDA ligation) identified in the clinic registry (training dataset) were validated in the NICU cohort with 0–1 factors present were associated with ≤1.5% probability of having PH, any 2 factors with a 25% probability, and all 3 factors with a 40% probability.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Lower birth weight, PDA ligation, and respiratory support were associated with PH in both populations. A PH risk score based on clinical indicators from the training dataset predicted PH in the validation set. This risk score could help focus resources to preterm infants at higher risk for PH. Further work is needed to determine whether earlier or more aggressive management of ductal lesions could alter PH outcomes.</p></div

Pulmonary Hypertension and Study Score.

<p>Pulmonary Hypertension and Study Score.</p

BPD Clinic Population Demographics and Clinical Features.

<p>BPD Clinic Population Demographics and Clinical Features.</p

NICU Population Demographics and Clinical Features.

<p>NICU Population Demographics and Clinical Features.</p

Adult Behavior in Male Mice Exposed to E-Cigarette Nicotine Vapors during Late Prenatal and Early Postnatal Life

<div><p>Nicotine exposure has been associated with an increased likelihood of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The goal of this study was to determine if exposure to E-cigarette nicotine vapors during late prenatal and early postnatal life altered behavior in adult mice.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Timed-pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2.4% nicotine in propylene glycol (PG) or 0% nicotine /PG once a day from gestational day 15 until delivery. After delivery, offspring and mothers were exposed to E-cigarette vapors for an additional 14 days from postnatal day 2 through 16. Following their last exposure serum cotinine levels were measured in female juvenile mice. Male mice underwent behavioral testing at 14 weeks of age to assess sensorimotor, affective, and cognitive functional domains.</p><p>Results</p><p>Adult male mice exposed to 2.4% nicotine/PG E-cigarette vapors had significantly more head dips in the zero maze test and higher levels of rearing activity in the open field test compared to 0% nicotine/PG exposed mice and untreated controls. In the water maze test after reversal training, the 2.4% nicotine/PG mice spent more than 25% of time in the new location whereas the other groups did not.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Adult male mice exhibited increased levels of activity in the zero maze and open field tests when exposed to E-cigarette vapor containing nicotine during late prenatal and early postnatal life. These findings indicate that nicotine exposure from E-cigarettes may cause persistent behavioral changes when exposure occurs during a period of rapid brain growth.</p></div