Appendix B. Application of stability conditions in Eq. 14 to specific examples.

Application of stability conditions in Eq. 14 to specific examples

Appendix A. Local stability analysis of the general model equation (Eq. 11).

Local stability analysis of the general model equation (Eq. 11)

Appendix C. Perturbation analysis of the necessary and sufficient conditions for cycles.

Perturbation analysis of the necessary and sufficient conditions for cycles

Behavioural and physiological responses to SST stress in green turtles

<p>(a) Green turtle basking at Paia, Maui ( photo: Chris Stankis). (b) Basking varies seasonally in concert with cool SST. Green circles are standardized anomalies of the number of turtles observed basking weekly at Laniakea, Oahu. Blue circles are weekly AVHRR SST data for this location. Thick dark lines are the Fourier series for each timeseries. (c) Growth marks in turtle humeri (superimposed silhouette) peak in January, at the beginning of the coldest SST. Purple columns report the duration of growth marks from recaptured turtles. Line is fitted gamma probability distribution. Grey-shaded area spans the peak Fourier model values for SST and basking, retained for all plots.</p

Signals of Climate Change in Butterfly Communities in a Mediterranean Protected Area

<div><p>The European protected-area network will cease to be efficient for biodiversity conservation, particularly in the Mediterranean region, if species are driven out of protected areas by climate warming. Yet, no empirical evidence of how climate change influences ecological communities in Mediterranean nature reserves really exists. Here, we examine long-term (1998–2011/2012) and short-term (2011–2012) changes in the butterfly fauna of Dadia National Park (Greece) by revisiting 21 and 18 transects in 2011 and 2012 respectively, that were initially surveyed in 1998. We evaluate the temperature trend for the study area for a 22-year-period (1990–2012) in which all three butterfly surveys are included. We also assess changes in community composition and species richness in butterfly communities using information on (a) species’ elevational distributions in Greece and (b) Community Temperature Index (calculated from the average temperature of species' geographical ranges in Europe, weighted by species' abundance per transect and year). Despite the protected status of Dadia NP and the subsequent stability of land use regimes, we found a marked change in butterfly community composition over a 13 year period, concomitant with an increase of annual average temperature of 0.95°C. Our analysis gave no evidence of significant year-to-year (2011–2012) variability in butterfly community composition, suggesting that the community composition change we recorded is likely the consequence of long-term environmental change, such as climate warming. We observe an increased abundance of low-elevation species whereas species mainly occurring at higher elevations in the region declined. The Community Temperature Index was found to increase in all habitats except agricultural areas. If equivalent changes occur in other protected areas and taxonomic groups across Mediterranean Europe, new conservation options and approaches for increasing species’ resilience may have to be devised.</p></div

Community Temperature Index (CTI) among the sampled habitats in 1998 and 2011.

<p>A Community Temperature Index (CTI, y-axis) was calculated for each one of the seven habitats (x-axis) as the average Species Temperature Index (calculated after the average temperature of each species’ geographical range in Europe, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087245#pone.0087245-Devictor1" target="_blank">[13]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087245#pone.0087245-VanSwaay1" target="_blank">[14]</a>) weighted by species’ total abundance, sampled in 1998 (filled circle) and 2011 (empty circle) in each of the habitats. Figure shows significant increase of CTI in all habitats except for the agricultural areas.</p

Results from univariate Poisson regression models fitted to each taxon.

<p><i>LR</i>: Likelihood ratio test statistic used as a measure of species strength of between-years effect, <i>SC</i>: species categories (HA: high-altitude, LA: low-altitude, W: widespread) created using species elevational distributions in Greece, <i>PC</i>: proportional change (%) of species abundance among 1998 and 2011 (formula used <i>N</i>₂₀₁₁/ <i>N</i>₁₉₉₈).</p><p>Only statistically significant species (<i>P</i><0.05) are shown, while species are ranked from those with the greatest declines to those with the greatest increases in abundance between 1998 and 2011 (%).</p