Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes Vulpes vulpes

Understanding the role of urine marking in theterritorial systems of wild mammals can be difficult, especiallymfor nocturnal cryptic species. Even for common species, such as the red fox Vulpes vulpes, a comprehensiveanalysis of seasonal and sex differences has not been carried out. Using 6 years of infra-red video monitoring, we compared marking rates between months and between sexes.Urine marking was significantly lower during summer(June–August). Males urine marked significantly more frequently than females during late summer and autumn, but not winter. Males marked more frequently than females alsoduring March. There was no increase during the breedingseason for either sex. Our results correlate with previouspartial data but demonstrate how urine marking rates varyacross the year. They also further support the greater role of males in fox territorial maintenance. Urine marking is lowest during summer when territorial intrusions are least, whilst the higher male urine marking rate in March reflects the,period when females are denning. Overall, our results provide the first comprehensive analysis of red fox urinemarking rates, contributing to a greater understanding ofterritoriality and olfactory communication.</p

Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes Vulpes vulpes

Understanding the role of urine marking in theterritorial systems of wild mammals can be difficult, especiallymfor nocturnal cryptic species. Even for common species, such as the red fox Vulpes vulpes, a comprehensiveanalysis of seasonal and sex differences has not been carried out. Using 6 years of infra-red video monitoring, we compared marking rates between months and between sexes.Urine marking was significantly lower during summer(June–August). Males urine marked significantly more frequently than females during late summer and autumn, but not winter. Males marked more frequently than females alsoduring March. There was no increase during the breedingseason for either sex. Our results correlate with previouspartial data but demonstrate how urine marking rates varyacross the year. They also further support the greater role of males in fox territorial maintenance. Urine marking is lowest during summer when territorial intrusions are least, whilst the higher male urine marking rate in March reflects the,period when females are denning. Overall, our results provide the first comprehensive analysis of red fox urinemarking rates, contributing to a greater understanding ofterritoriality and olfactory communication.</p

Bis[mu-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamidato]-bis(dimethylaluminium)

The structure of the title compound, [Al2(CH3)4(C10H12NO)2] or [Me2Al{[mu]-(2,6-Me2C6H3)NCMeO}]2, consists of a four-coordinate dimeric centrosymmetric eight-membered ring Al-containing species

Bis[μ-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamidato]-bis(dimethylaluminium)

The structure of the title compound, [Al2(CH3)4(C10H12NO)2] or [Me2Al{[mu]-(2,6-Me2C6H3)NCMeO}]2, consists of a four-coordinate dimeric centrosymmetric eight-membered ring Al-containing species

Trans,trans,trans-Diacetonitriledibromo-bis(4-fluoroaniline)nickel(II)

The structure of the centrosymmetric title compound, [(4-F-C6H4NH2)2(MeCN)2NiBr2] or [NiBr2(C6H6FN)2(C2H3N)2], reveals each of the pairs of bromide, acetonitrile and 4-fluoro­aniline ligands arranged trans to each other with a near octa­hedral geometry at the Ni atom

Rigid <i>N</i>-Phosphino Guanidine P,N Ligands and Their Use in Nickel-Catalyzed Ethylene Oligomerization

The rigid bidentate P,N-ligands 3a−d (phosphino substituent: a, Ph; b, mes; c, N-i-Pr2; d, NPh2), each with a 7-phosphino-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene skeleton, are readily prepared in high yields and have been used in the preparation of the nickel complexes [NiBr2(3a−d)] (4a−d). The derivatives 4a,d are both diamagnetic, while their counterparts 4b,c are paramagnetic with values of μeff(300 K) of 2.05 and 2.10 μB, respectively. The structure of 4a has been determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, which confirmed the κ2P,N coordination of 3a and the essentially square-planar geometry about Ni. In combination with EtAlCl2 the Ni(II) complexes of 4b−d are active ethylene oligomerization initiators (C2H4, 1 bar; Ni:Al = 1:14; toluene), affording varying mixtures of butenes, hexenes, and octenes (trace), depending on the nature of the P-donor, but with a reasonable selectivity toward C4 with complex 4c. In contrast, under identical reaction conditions complex 4a gives rise to products resulting from a sequence of ethylene oligomerization and subsequent Friedel−Crafts alkylation of the toluene solvent. Notably, no activity toward ethylene (1 bar) was observed for 4/MAO (Ni:Al = 1:15 or 1:500)

Substituted N-picolylethylenediamines of the type (ArNHCH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]){(2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript 4]N)CH[subscript 2]}NR [R = Me, 4-CH[subscript 2]=CH(C[subscript 6]H[subscript 4])CH[subscript 2], (2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript 4]N)CH[subscript 2]] and their transition metal(II) halide complexes

Alkylation of (ArNHCH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]){(2-C[subscript 5]H[4]N)CH[subscript 2]}NH with RX [RX = MeI, 4-CH[subscript 2]=CH(C[subscript 6]H[subscript 4])CH[subscript 2]Cl) and (2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript 5]N)CH[subscript 2]Cl] in the presence of base has allowed access to the sterically demanding multidentate nitrogen donor ligands, {(2,4,6-Me[subscript 3]C[subscript 6]H[subscript 2])NHCH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]}{(2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript 4]N)CH[subscript 2]}NMe (L1), {(2,6-Me[subscript 3]C[subscript 6]H[subscript 3])NHCH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]}{(2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript ]4N)CH[subscript 2]}NCH[subscript 2](C[subscript 6]H[subscript 4])-4-CH=CH[subscript 2] (L2) and (ArNHCH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]){(2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript 4]N)CH[subscript 2]}[subscript 2]N (Ar = 2,4-Me[subscript 2]C[subscript 6]H[subscript 3] L3a, 2,6-Me[subscript 2]C[subscript 6]H[subscript 3]L3b) in moderate yield. L3 can also be prepared in higher yield by the reaction of (NH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]CH[subscript 2]){(2-C[subscript 5]H[subscript 4]N)CH[subscript 2]}[subscript 2]N with the corresponding aryl bromide in the presence of base and a palladium(0) catalyst. Treatment of L1 or L2 with MCl[subscript 2] [MCl[subscript 2] = CoCl[subscript 2]·6H[subscript 2]O or FeCl[subscript 2](THF)[subscript 1.5]] in THF affords the high spin complexes [(L1)MCl[subscript 2]] (M = Co 1a, Fe 1b) and [(L2)MCl[subscript 2]] (M = Co 2a, Fe 2b) in good yield, respectively; the molecular structure of 1a reveals a five-coordinate metal centre with L1 bound in a facial fashion. The six-coordinate complexes, [(L3a)MCl[subscript 2]] (M = Co 3a, Fe 3b, Mn 3c) are accessible on treatment of tripodal L3a with MCl[subscript 2]. In contrast, the reaction with the more sterically encumbered L3b leads to the pseudo-five-coordinate species [(L3b)MCl[subscript 2]] (M = Co 4a, Fe 4b) and, in the case of manganese, dimeric [(L3b)MnCl(µ-Cl)][subscript 2] (4c); in 4a and 4b the aryl-substituted amine arm forms a partial interaction with the metal centre while in 4c the arm is pendant. The single crystal X-ray structures of 1a, 3b·MeCN, 3c·MeCN, 4b·MeCN and 4c are described as are the solution state properties of 3b and 4b

Unexpectedly Selective Formation and Reactions of Epoxycyclooctenones under Microwave-Mediated Conditions

Topologically mobile difluorinated cyclooctenones undergo rapid, high-yielding, and completely stereoselective epoxidations with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. The epoxides resist conventional hydrolysis but react smoothly in basic media under microwave irradiation to afford unique hemiacetals and hemiaminals in good yield

Unexpectedly Selective Formation and Reactions of Epoxycyclooctenones under Microwave-Mediated Conditions

Topologically mobile difluorinated cyclooctenones undergo rapid, high-yielding, and completely stereoselective epoxidations with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. The epoxides resist conventional hydrolysis but react smoothly in basic media under microwave irradiation to afford unique hemiacetals and hemiaminals in good yield

(R)-2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-6,6′-bis(tridecafluoro-n-hexyl) -1,1′-binaphthyl

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C56H30F26P2, is located on a twofold axis perpendicular to the central C-C bond of the binaphthyl group and the P atoms have the typical pseudo-tetra­hedral geometry found for compounds of this type