(a) Regional genetic differentiation and (b) genetic differentiation according to taxonomy, based on AFLP and chloroplast DNA sequence data (<i>trn</i>L/F suprahaplotypes).

<p>Sample size (<i>n</i>), Nei's gene diversity (<i>H_E</i>), proportion of variable markers (FP), and nucleotide diversity (<i>π</i>) with standard deviation are provided. For <i>trn</i>L/F suprahaplotypes effective genetic diversity according to Gregorius (<i>V_a</i>) is additionally displayed. The following seven geographic regions were considered: (1) Balkan Peninsula (Balk), (2) Carpathians (Carp), (3) unglaciated Eastern and Southeastern Alps (UnglaESEAlps), (4) glaciated Eastern Alps (GlaEAlps), (5) glaciated Western Alps (GlaWAlps), (6) unglaciated Central Europe (UnglaCentrEur), and (7) glaciated northern Europe (GlaNEur). <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> var. <i>intermedia</i> is integrated within <i>A. arenosa</i> subsp. <i>arenosa</i>. <i>Arabidopsis nitida</i> was omitted from the analyses, as it was represented by one (AFLPs) and three (<i>trn</i>L/F suprahaplotypes) accession(s) only.</p

Chloroplast DNA <i>trn</i>L/F suprahaplotype networks of the <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> species complex.

<p>The sizes of the circles indicate the relative frequency of a suprahaplotype. Geographic regions, taxonomic entities, and cytotypes are indicated with the same colours as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone-0042691-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>. A: Visualization according to geographic regions. B: Visualization according to taxonomy. <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> var. <i>intermedia</i> is marked with an asterisk. C: Visualization according to ploidal level.</p

Taxonomy, ploidal level, and geographic distribution of the various taxa of the <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> species complex (for details refer to the text).

<p>Several taxa are awaiting taxonomic recognition (indicated with nom. prov.).</p

Principal Component Analysis of AFLP data from the <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> species complex.

<p>Each symbol represents an individual. A: Visualization according to geographic regions. The following seven geographic regions were considered: (1) Balkan Peninsula (Balk), (2) Carpathians (Carp), (3) unglaciated Eastern and Southeastern Alps (UnglaESEAlps), (4) glaciated Eastern Alps (GlaEAlps), (5) glaciated Western Alps (GlaWAlps), (6) unglaciated Central Europe (UnglaCentrEur), and (7) glaciated northern Europe (GlaNEur). These regions are illustrated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone-0042691-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>. B: Visualization according to taxonomy. <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> var. <i>intermedia</i> is marked with an asterisk. C: Visualization according to ploidal level. Data lacking ploidal level estimates are marked in grey.</p

Distribution of accessions from the <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> species complex investigated.

<p>Maximal glaciation and mountain glaciers of the LGM are drawn according to Ehlers and Gibbard <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone.0042691-Ehlers1" target="_blank">[32]</a>. The borders of the seven geographic regions are indicated (see also <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone.0042691.s001" target="_blank">Table S1</a>, where the affiliation of each accession to one of these regions is listed). A: Visualization according to taxonomy. Seven entities are distinguished: <i>A. arenosa</i> subsp. <i>arenosa</i>, <i>A. arenosa</i> subsp. <i>borbasii</i>, <i>A. carpatica</i>, <i>A. neglecta</i>, <i>A. nitida</i>, and <i>A. petrogena</i>, following Měsíček <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone.0042691-Msek1" target="_blank">[14]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone.0042691-Msek2" target="_blank">[18]</a> and Kolník <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042691#pone.0042691-Kolnk1" target="_blank">[19]</a>, and <i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> var. <i>intermedia</i> from the Alps. B: Visualization according to ploidal level (diploids and tetraploids). Ploidal level estimates were only available for a subset of accessions. C: Visualization according to chloroplast DNA suprahaplotypes.</p

Heterobimetallic Cu–dppf (dppf = 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) Complexes with “Click” Derived Ligands: A Combined Structural, Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, and Theoretical Study

Heterodinuclear complexes of the form [(dppf)­Cu­(L)]­(BF₄) (dppf = 1,1′-bis­(diphenylphosphino)­ferrocene), where L are the chelating, substituted 4,4′-bis­(1,2,3-triazole) or 4-pyridyl­(1,2,3-triazole) ligands, were synthesized by reacting [Cu­(dppf)­(CH₃CN)₂]­(BF₄) with the corresponding “click” derived ligands. Structural characterization of representative complexes revealed a distorted-tetrahedral coordination geometry around the Cu­(I) centers, with the donor atoms being the P donors of dppf and the N donors of the substituted triazole ligands. The “local-pseudo” symmetry around the iron center in all the investigated complexes of dppf is between that of the idealized <i>D</i>_5<i>h</i> and <i>D</i>_5<i>d</i>. Furthermore, for the complex with the mixed pyridine and triazole donors, the Cu–N bond distances were found to be shorter for the triazole N donors in comparison to those for the pyridine N donors. Electrochemical studies on the complexes revealed the presence of one oxidation and one reduction step for each. These studies were combined with UV–vis–near-IR and EPR spectroelectrochemical studies to deduce the locus of the oxidation process (Cu vs Fe) and to see the influence of changing the chelating “click” derived ligand on both the oxidation and reduction processes and their spectroscopic signatures. Structure-based DFT studies were performed to get insights into the experimental spectroscopic results. The results obtained here are compared with those of the complex [(dppf)­Cu­(bpy)]­(BF₄) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). A comparison is made among bpy, pyridyl-triazole, and bis-triazole ligands, and the effect of systematically replacing these ligands on the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of the corresponding heterodinuclear complexes is investigated

Heterobimetallic Cu–dppf (dppf = 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) Complexes with “Click” Derived Ligands: A Combined Structural, Electrochemical, Spectroelectrochemical, and Theoretical Study

Heterodinuclear complexes of the form [(dppf)­Cu­(L)]­(BF₄) (dppf = 1,1′-bis­(diphenylphosphino)­ferrocene), where L are the chelating, substituted 4,4′-bis­(1,2,3-triazole) or 4-pyridyl­(1,2,3-triazole) ligands, were synthesized by reacting [Cu­(dppf)­(CH₃CN)₂]­(BF₄) with the corresponding “click” derived ligands. Structural characterization of representative complexes revealed a distorted-tetrahedral coordination geometry around the Cu­(I) centers, with the donor atoms being the P donors of dppf and the N donors of the substituted triazole ligands. The “local-pseudo” symmetry around the iron center in all the investigated complexes of dppf is between that of the idealized <i>D</i>_5<i>h</i> and <i>D</i>_5<i>d</i>. Furthermore, for the complex with the mixed pyridine and triazole donors, the Cu–N bond distances were found to be shorter for the triazole N donors in comparison to those for the pyridine N donors. Electrochemical studies on the complexes revealed the presence of one oxidation and one reduction step for each. These studies were combined with UV–vis–near-IR and EPR spectroelectrochemical studies to deduce the locus of the oxidation process (Cu vs Fe) and to see the influence of changing the chelating “click” derived ligand on both the oxidation and reduction processes and their spectroscopic signatures. Structure-based DFT studies were performed to get insights into the experimental spectroscopic results. The results obtained here are compared with those of the complex [(dppf)­Cu­(bpy)]­(BF₄) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). A comparison is made among bpy, pyridyl-triazole, and bis-triazole ligands, and the effect of systematically replacing these ligands on the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of the corresponding heterodinuclear complexes is investigated

Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Redox Studies of Ferrocene-Functionalized Coinage Metal Alkyne Complexes

Ethynylferrocene (FcCCH) was utilized as a redox-active metalloligand for the synthesis of polynuclear coinage metal complexes. The reaction of [FcCCLi] with tri-tert-butylphosphine metal chlorides [tBu3P-MCl] (M = Au, Ag, Cu) yielded different heteronuclear ferrocene-funtionalized alkyne complexes featuring metallophilic interactions. Furthermore, the redox properties of the ferrocenyl-functionalized tetracopper complex were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis–near-IR spectroelectrochemistry. They indicate the compounds’ redox-rich nature and a weak electronic coupling between the redox-active ferrocenyl units over a large distance

Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes in abdominal fat samples compared to gluteal fat samples.

<p>A Top associated networks for differentially expressed genes in abdominal cells derived from IPA (Ingenuity pathway analysis). B Top network built by differentially expressed genes in abdominal fat cells compared to gluteal fat cells. Red color indicates upregulated genes in abdominal cells, green color downregulated genes in abdominal cells. Genes marked with asterisks showed differential methylation between both depots. ADAM9, ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9; FGF10, fibroblast growth factor 10; HOXA2, homeobox A2; HOXA4, homeobox A4; HOXA5, homeobox A5; HOXA7, homeobox A7; HOXB6, homeobox B6; HOXB7, homeobox B7; HOXC11, homeobox C11; IGFBP5, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5; MEIS1, Meis homeobox 1; NFE2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2); PF4, platelet factor 4; PITX2, paired-like homeodomain; <i>PLA2G2A</i>, phospholipase A2, group IIA; <i>SHOX2</i>, short stature homeobox 2; SIX2, SIX homeobox 2; TBX5, T-box 5; TBX15, T-box 15. C Comparative illustration of <i>HOX</i> genes that (1) have been previously described as differentially expressed in gluteal and abdominal depots [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0082516#B14" target="_blank">14</a>], (2) <i>HOX</i> genes, that were found to be differentially expressed in our study and (3) <i>HOX</i> genes that showed differential expression and differential methylation in our study. </p