Linear regression models with logarithm of carotid intima media thickness as dependent and glucose tolerance category as independent variable (e^ß (95%-CI))^a.

<p>CI: confidence interval; T2DM: type 2 diabetes; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance;</p><p>i-IFG: isolated impaired fasting glucose; i-IGT: isolated impaired glucose tolerance.</p>a<p>For the interpretation of e^ß compare the methods section.</p><p>Model 1: crude model.</p><p>Model 2: adjusted for age and sex.</p><p>Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, and waist circumference.</p><p>Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension.</p

Risk factors of carotid intima media thickness (≥75^th percentile): Multivariate logistic regression model.

<p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL:</p><p>low density lipoprotein.</p>*<p>p<0.05.</p>a<p>When fasting plasma glucose was exchanged for 2-hour plasma glucose.</p><p>and for HbA1c, respectively, ORs (95%-CI) were as follows:</p><p>2-hour plasma glucose (per mmol/l): 0.98 (0.92–1.03).</p><p>HbA1c (per %): 1.10 (0.92–1.31).</p

Linear regression models with logarithm of carotid intima media thickness as dependent variable and glycaemic measures as independent variables (e^ß (95%-CI))^a.

<p>CI: confidence interval; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2-hour plasma glucose; HT: hypertension; HDL: high density lipoprotein.</p><p>cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; WC: waist circumference; BMI: body mass index.</p>a<p>For the interpretation of e^ß compare the methods section.</p>b<p>per mmol/l.</p>c<p>per %.</p>d<p>adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension.</p

Characteristics of the study group by categories of glucose regulation^a.

<p>NGT: normal glucose tolerance; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; i-IFG: isolated impaired fasting glucose; i-IGT: isolated impaired glucose tolerance; T2DM: type 2 diabetes; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HT: hypertension; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: 2-hour plasma glucose; IMT: intima media thickness.</p>a<p>mean ± standard deviation, median (first quartile, third quartile).</p>b<p>blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher, or antihypertensive medicine.</p>c<p>average IMT of right and left common carotid artery.</p

Spearman correlation coefficients of selected fasting serum NEFA species with parameters of body composition.

<p>All nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) species with a Spearman correlation coefficient ρ≥0.3 with any of the listed parameters of body composition are shown in the table. The post-GDM and the control group were combined for this analysis. n = 106 for BMI, WC and percent body fat measured by BIA. n = 62 for the MRI substudy.</p><p>*Correlation is significant with p<0.05.</p><p>**Correlation is significant with p<0.01.</p><p>***Correlation is significant with p<0.001.</p><p>Spearman correlation coefficients of selected fasting serum NEFA species with parameters of body composition.</p

Effect of tube type on serum metabolites.

<p>Stars in boxplots indicate significant differences in concentration between methionine sulfoxide in serum W tubes with clotting activator and serum gel-barrier tubes. (Friedman test, significance level p<0.01).</p

Altered NEFA pathways in cases compared to controls.

<p>At an exploratory level of significance (p<0.05), the women after GDM exhibited reduced levels of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 26:0 and total SFA and elevated levels of 18:1, the essential fatty acid 18:2, total n-6 NEFA and the proportion of total n-6/n-3 NEFA. Calculated SCD-1 activity was significantly increased in the post-GDM group. Only total SFA remained significantly different after Bonferroni correction. The red arrows in the diagram represent upregulation, and the blue arrows represent downregulation in the post-GDM group.</p

Stability of metabolites in serum during shipment simulation.

<p>Example of (A)-(C) increasing and (D) decreasing metabolite concentration during transportation simulation of serum samples on cool packs (CP). Stars in boxplots indicate significant difference in concentration compared to baseline (0 h). (Wilcoxon signed rank test, significance level p<0.01).</p

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study cohort.

<p>The values are represented as the medians with interquartile ranges. If not stated otherwise n = 62 for the cases and n = 49 for the controls.</p><p>^*Chi-Square test.</p><p>^#(n = cases/controls).</p><p>^aabdominal.</p><p>^bAdipocyte-IR Index = fasting total NEFA_LC-MS/MS (μM) * fasting insulin (μU/ml).</p><p>Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study cohort.</p

Plasma concentrations of selected biomarkers.

<p>The values are represented as the medians with interquartile ranges.</p><p>Plasma concentrations of selected biomarkers.</p