Serum levels of soluble (s)MICB during acute illness by day of fever among infants with symptomatic primary dengue virus infections (<i>n</i> = 46).

<p>Serum levels of soluble (s)MICB during acute illness by day of fever among infants with symptomatic primary dengue virus infections (<i>n</i> = 46).</p

Characteristics of infants with symptomatic primary dengue virus (DENV) infections.

<p>Characteristics of infants with symptomatic primary dengue virus (DENV) infections.</p

Longitudinal changes in the serum levels of (a) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (b) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and (c) IL-6 in 176 healthy infants over the first year of life.

<p>Symbols and error bars are mean±SEM plotted at the mean ages of the study visits.</p

Example of the gating strategy for monocytes- LiveDead Aqua (LDA)-/CD1c-/CD19-/CD36+/CD123-/CD303-.

<p>Example of the gating strategy for monocytes- LiveDead Aqua (LDA)-/CD1c-/CD19-/CD36+/CD123-/CD303-.</p

Intracellular cytokine staining for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in R-848 (1 µM) stimulated infant peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the first study visit in an undernourished/malnourished state (WHO weight-for-age (w-a) z score<−2) compared to a well-nourished state (WHO w-a z score ≥−2).

<p>Bars are median values. P-values are from non-parametric statistical tests. (a) Percentage of TNF-α+ monocytes, and (b) TNF-α median fluorescence intensity (MFI) in monocytes. Unstimulated condition subtracted from the values for each donor.</p

Longitudinal assessment of plasma leptin levels in <i>n</i> = 38 healthy infants over the first year of life.

<p>Symbols and error bars are median values and 95% confidence intervals.</p

World Health Organization (WHO) weight-for-age z scores of infants with primary dengue virus (DENV) infections (a) at the time of acute illness and (b) at the first study visit, before the primary DENV infection.

<p>Boxplot bars are median values, box outlines are 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and error bars are 10^th and 90^th percentiles. Ages are presented as median [95% confidence interval]. ^† p-values for primary DENV-infected infants with unambiguous dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) compared to those without DHF (non-parametric statistical tests).</p

Effect of leptin pre-treatment on (a) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production and (b) intracellular cAMP levels in CD14+ monocytes.

<p>Recombinant human (rh) leptin was added to CD14+ monocytes from non-obese adult male donors 1 h before stimulating with R-848 (5 µM) (<i>n</i> = 6 independent experiments). Cell-free culture supernatants were collected 6 h later for TNF-α ELISAs, and cell lysates were collected for cAMP ELISAs. Bars and error bars are median values and S.D., respectively. * p = 0.03 compared to no leptin pre-treatment. † p = 0.046 compared to no leptin pre-treatment.</p