The statistical power of IVW results in this study.

The statistical power of IVW results in this study.</p

The leave-one-out sensitivity tests of the causal associations of RA with cataract and glaucoma in European and East Asian ancestry.

(A) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of RA on cataract in the European population; (B) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of RA on glaucoma in the European population; (C) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of cataract on RA in the European population; (D) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of glaucoma on RA in the European population; (E) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of RA on cataract in the East Asian population; (F) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of RA on glaucoma in the East Asian population; (G) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of cataract on RA in the East Asian population; (H) Leave-one-out sensitivity test of glaucoma on RA in the East Asian population. RA: rheumatoid arthritis. (TIF)</p

The sensitivity analysis results in European and East Asian ancestry.

The sensitivity analysis results in European and East Asian ancestry.</p

MR analysis results of the causal effect of RA on cataract and glaucoma in European and East Asian ancestry.

RA: rheumatoid arthritis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IVW: inverse variance weighted.</p

The diagram of the bidirectional MR study of the causal associations of RA with cataract and glaucoma.

This diagram illustrates the key assumptions that must be satisfied in the bidirectional MR study. First, the SNPs chosen as IVs should exhibit a robust association with the exposures. Second, these SNPs should be independent of confounding factors related to the exposures and outcome. Third, the selected SNPs should influence the outcome solely through the exposures, without involving other biological pathways. IVs: instrumental variables; MR: mendelian randomization; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SNPs: single-nucleotide polymorphisms.</p

The SNPs eliminated by MR-PRESSO outlier test.

SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; MR-PRESSO: Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier. (XLSX)</p

Detailed information on instrumental variables used in MR analyses.

SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; Beta: Estimate coefficient; P value: P value from GWAS; SE: standard error of coefficient estimate. (XLSX)</p

Scatter plots for the causal associations of RA with cataract and glaucoma.

The ordinate in scatter plots is the effect of the instrumental variables on the outcome, and the abscissa is the effect of the instrumental variables on the exposure. The causal effect of each method is represented by the slope of the line. (A) Scatter plot of RA on cataract in the European population; (B) Scatter plot of RA on glaucoma in the European population; (C) Scatter plot of cataract on RA in the European population; (D) Scatter plot of glaucoma on RA in the European population; (E) Scatter plot of RA on cataract in the East Asian population; (F) Scatter plot of RA on glaucoma in the East Asian population; (G) Scatter plot of cataract on RA in the East Asian population; (H) Scatter plot of glaucoma on RA in the East Asian population. RA: rheumatoid arthritis.</p

The F statistics of SNPs in MR analyses.

SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; Beta: estimate coefficient; P value: P value from GWAS; SE: standard error of coefficient estimate; R2: the variance of exposure explained by each IV. (XLSX)</p

MR analysis results of the causal effect of cataract and glaucoma on RA in European and East Asian ancestry.

SNP (n): the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; IVW: inverse variance weighted. (TIF)</p