DNA-Interacting Characteristics of the Archaeal Rudiviral Protein SIRV2_Gp1

Whereas the infection cycles of many bacterial and eukaryotic viruses have been characterized in detail, those of archaeal viruses remain largely unexplored. Recently, studies on a few model archaeal viruses such as SIRV2 (Sulfolobus islandicus rod-shaped virus) have revealed an unusual lysis mechanism that involves the formation of pyramidal egress structures on the host cell surface. To expand understanding of the infection cycle of SIRV2, we aimed to functionally characterize gp1, which is a SIRV2 gene with unknown function. The SIRV2_Gp1 protein is highly expressed during early stages of infection and it is the only protein that is encoded twice on the viral genome. It harbours a helix-turn-helix motif and was therefore hypothesized to bind DNA. The DNA-binding behavior of SIRV2_Gp1 was characterized with electrophoretic mobility shift assays and atomic force microscopy. We provide evidence that the protein interacts with DNA and that it forms large aggregates, thereby causing extreme condensation of the DNA. Furthermore, the N-terminal domain of the protein mediates toxicity to the viral host Sulfolobus. Our findings may lead to biotechnological applications, such as the development of a toxic peptide for the containment of pathogenic bacteria, and add to our understanding of the Rudiviral infection cycle.status: publishe

Pathologic examination of eye sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

<p>The retina of eyes treated with Shh-N (B) were morphologically indistinguishable from control eyes treated with solvent alone (A). Shh-N: Shh amino-terminal peptide.</p

Experimental groups and reasons for excluding guinea pigs treated with Shh-N.

<p>Shh-N: Shh amino-terminal peptide.</p

Effects of intravitreal cyclopamine administration and FDM on refraction and eye dimensions.

<p>Values represent the difference between the right and left eyes and are presented as the mean ± SD. FDM: form-deprivation myopia; ACD: anterior chamber depth; Cyclo: cyclopamine.</p

Western blotting analysis of MMP-2 protein expression in the sclera of guinea pigs following intravitreal Shh-N injection.

<p>FDM: form-deprivation myopia; R: right eye; L: left eye; Shh-N: Shh amino-terminal peptide;MMP-2: matrix metalloproteinase-2.</p

Western blotting analysis of MMP-2 protein expression in the sclera of guinea pigs following FDM and intravitreal cyclopamine injection.

<p>FDM: form-deprivation myopia; Cyclo: cyclopamine; R: right eye; L: left eye; MMP-2: matrix metalloproteinase-2.</p

Experimental groups and reasons for excluding guinea pigs with FDM and treated with cyclopamine.

<p>FDM: form-deprivation myopia; Cyclo: cyclopamine.</p

Additional file 1 of Swimming exercise reverses transcriptomic changes in aging mouse lens

Supplementary Material

Preoperative demographic data^a.

<p>Preoperative demographic data<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0182251#t001fn002" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Comparison of (A, B) photopic and (C, D) scotopic contrast sensitivity between the (A, C) laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) and the (B, D) small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) groups at all spatial frequencies (6.3° to 0.7°), preoperatively and postoperatively.

<p>Horizontal axis corresponds to visual angle of target size (degree). Vertical axis corresponds to log₁₀ contrast sensitivity.</p