Data_Sheet_1_Antimicrobial Metabolites Produced by Penicillium mallochii CCH01 Isolated From the Gut of Ectropis oblique, Cultivated in the Presence of a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor.pdf

Three chemical epigenetic modifiers [5-azacytidine, nicotinamide, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)] were applied to induce the metabolites of Penicillium mallochii CCH01, a fungus isolated from the gut of Ectropis oblique. Metabolite profiles of P. mallochii CCH01 were obviously changed by SAHA treatment. Four metabolites (1–4), including two new natural sclerotioramine derivatives, isochromophilone XIV (1) and isochromophilone XV (2), and two known compounds, sclerotioramine (3) and (+)-sclerotiorin (4), were isolated and purified from P. mallochii CCH01 treated with SAHA. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyzes. Anti-phytopathogenic activities of the isolated compounds 1–4 were investigated under laboratory conditions, and compound 4 showed broad and important inhibition activities against Curvularia lunata (IC50 = 2.1 μg/mL), Curvularia clavata (IC50 = 21.0 μg/mL), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Mornordica (IC50 = 40.4 μg/mL), and Botryosphaeria dothidea (IC50 = 27.8 μg/mL), which were comparable to those of referenced cycloheximide, with IC50 values of 0.3, 5.0, 12.4, and 15.3 μg/mL, respectively. Ingredients 2 and 3 showed selective and potent activities against Colletotrichum graminicola with IC50 values of 29.9 and 9.7 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the antibacterial bioassays showed that compounds 3 and 4 exhibited strong inhibition activities against Bacillus subtilis, with disc diameters of zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 9.1 mm for both compounds, which were a bit weaker than that of referenced gentamycin with a ZOI of 10.8 mm. Additionally, the new metabolite 1 showed a promising activity against Candida albicans (ZOI = 10.5 mm), comparable to that of positive amphotericin B with a ZOI of 23.2 mm. The present results suggest that chemical epigenetic modifier induction was a promising approach to obtaining antimicrobial metabolites encoded by silent biosynthetic genes of P. mallochii.</p

Composite Hemostat Spray Seals Post-Surgical Blood Burst and Ameliorates Bacteria-Arised Inflammation for Expediting Wound Healing

Postoperative bleeding and infection are the main causes of death. Although a commercial zeolite-represented hemostatic agent has been widely used, zeolite-induced thermal damages to tissues are unresolved, and antibacterial and wound healing are desirably demanded but challenging. Herein, a composite zeolite-based hemostat spray consisting of Ag-doped β zeolite (Ag-βZ) and coupled fibrinogen/thrombin (F/T) has been developed to seal postsurgical blood burst. Systematic experiments reveal that the F/T can be switched into fibrin gel as the physical barrier and cover Ag-βZ, which imparts the composite hemostats with the most robust hemostasis ability associated with the lowest bleeding amount and the shortest hemostasis time. Concurrently, the physical barrier can shield Ag-βZ from touching water, reduce solvothermal release, and significantly minimize temperature, consequently resulting in no obvious thermal effect on the surrounding tissues. Importantly, the in situ doping of Ag can produce reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria and ameliorate bacteria-aroused inflammation, which can be also leveraged to promote cell expansion for expediting wound healing. The clinically approved components guarantee biosafety, paving a solid foundation for clinical translation

Composite Hemostat Spray Seals Post-Surgical Blood Burst and Ameliorates Bacteria-Arised Inflammation for Expediting Wound Healing

Postoperative bleeding and infection are the main causes of death. Although a commercial zeolite-represented hemostatic agent has been widely used, zeolite-induced thermal damages to tissues are unresolved, and antibacterial and wound healing are desirably demanded but challenging. Herein, a composite zeolite-based hemostat spray consisting of Ag-doped β zeolite (Ag-βZ) and coupled fibrinogen/thrombin (F/T) has been developed to seal postsurgical blood burst. Systematic experiments reveal that the F/T can be switched into fibrin gel as the physical barrier and cover Ag-βZ, which imparts the composite hemostats with the most robust hemostasis ability associated with the lowest bleeding amount and the shortest hemostasis time. Concurrently, the physical barrier can shield Ag-βZ from touching water, reduce solvothermal release, and significantly minimize temperature, consequently resulting in no obvious thermal effect on the surrounding tissues. Importantly, the in situ doping of Ag can produce reactive oxygen species to kill bacteria and ameliorate bacteria-aroused inflammation, which can be also leveraged to promote cell expansion for expediting wound healing. The clinically approved components guarantee biosafety, paving a solid foundation for clinical translation

Relative proportions of functional groups [%] in swine, cattle and chicken manure composts obtained by the CP/TOSS and their changes with time.

<p>Relative proportions of functional groups [%] in swine, cattle and chicken manure composts obtained by the CP/TOSS and their changes with time.</p

EP241021a: A Months-duration X-Ray Transient with Luminous Optical and Radio Emission

We present the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient, EP241021a, by the Einstein Probe (EP) mission and the results from multiwavelength follow-up observations. The transient was first detected with the Wide-field X-ray Telescope as an intense flare lasting for ∼100 s, reaching a luminosity of L 0.5−4 keV ≈ 1048 erg s−1. Further observations with EP’s Follow-up X-ray Telescope reveal a huge drop in the X-ray flux by a factor of >1000 within 1.5 days. After maintaining a nearly plateau phase for ∼7 days, the X-ray flux decreases ∝t −1.2 over a period of ∼30 days, followed by a sudden decrease to an undetectable level by EP and XMM-Newton, making it the longest afterglow emission detected among known fast X-ray transients. Bright counterparts at optical and radio wavelengths were also detected, with high peak luminosities in excess of 1044 erg s−1 and 1041 erg s−1, respectively. In addition, EP241021a exhibits a nonthermal X-ray spectrum, red optical color, X-ray and optical rebrightenings in the light curves, and fast radio spectral evolution, suggesting that relativistic jets may have been launched. We discuss the possible origins of EP241021a, including a choked jet with supernova shock breakout, a merger-triggered magnetar, a highly structured jet, and a repeating partial tidal disruption event involving an intermediate-mass black hole, but none can perfectly explain the multiwavelength properties. EP241021a may represent a new type of X-ray transient with month-duration evolution timescales; future EP detections and follow-up observations of similar systems will provide statistical samples to understand the underlying mechanisms at work.</p

Science objectives of the Einstein Probe mission

The Einstein Probe (EP) is an interdisciplinary mission of time-domain and X-ray astronomy. Equipped with a wide-field lobster-eye X-ray focusing imager, EP will discover cosmic X-ray transients and monitor the X-ray variability of known sources in 0.5–4 keV, at a combination of detecting sensitivity and cadence that is not accessible to the previous and current wide-field monitoring missions. EP can perform quick characterisation of transients or outbursts with a Wolter-I X-ray telescope onboard. In this paper, the science objectives of the EP mission are presented. EP is expected to enlarge the sample of previously known or predicted but rare types of transients with a wide range of timescales. Among them, fast extragalactic transients will be surveyed systematically in soft X-rays, which include γ-ray bursts and their variants, supernova shock breakouts, and the predicted X-ray transients associated with binary neutron star mergers. EP will detect X-ray tidal disruption events and outbursts from active galactic nuclei, possibly at an early phase of the flares for some. EP will monitor the variability and outbursts of X-rays from white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes in our and neighbouring galaxies at flux levels fainter than those detectable by the current instruments, and is expected to discover new objects. A large sample of stellar X-ray flares will also be detected and characterised. In the era of multi-messenger astronomy, EP has the potential of detecting the possible X-ray counterparts of gravitational wave events, neutrino sources, and ultra-high energy γ-ray and cosmic ray sources. EP is expected to help advance the studies of extreme objects and phenomena revealed in the dynamic X-ray universe, and their underlying physical processes. Besides EP’s strength in time-domain science, its follow-up telescope, with excellent performance, will also enable advances in many areas of X-ray astronomy.</p

Einstein Probe discovery of EP240408a: A peculiar X-ray transient with an intermediate timescale

We report the discovery of a peculiar X-ray transient, EP240408a, by Einstein Probe (EP) and follow-up studies made with EP, Swift, NICER, GROND, ATCA and other ground-based multiwavelength telescopes. The new transient was first detected with Wide-field X-ray Telescope (WXT) on board EP on April 8th, 2024, manifested in an intense yet brief X-ray flare lasting for 12 s. The flare reached a peak flux of 3.9 × 10−9 erg cm−2 s−1 in 0.5–4 keV, ∼300 times brighter than the underlying X-ray emission detected throughout the observation. Rapid and more precise follow-up observations by EP/FXT, Swift and NICER confirmed the finding of this new transient. Its X-ray spectrum is non-thermal in 0.5–10 keV, with apower-law photon index varying within 1.8–2.5. The X-ray light curve shows a plateau lasting for ∼4 d, followed by a steep decay till becoming undetectable ∼10 d after the initial detection. Based on its temporal property and constraints from previous EP observations, an unusual timescale in the range of 7–23 d is found for EP240408a, which is intermediate between the commonly found fast and long-term transients. No counterparts have been found in optical and near-infrared, with the earliest observation at 17 h after the initial X-ray detection, suggestive of intrinsically weak emission in these bands. We demonstrate that the remarkable properties of EP240408a are inconsistent with any of the transient types known so far, by comparison with, in particular, jetted tidal disruption events, gamma-ray bursts, X-ray binaries and fast blue optical transients. The nature of EP240408a thus remains an enigma. We suggest that EP240408a may represent a new type of transients with intermediate timescales of the order of ∼10 d. The detection and follow-ups of more of such objects are essential for revealing their origin.</p