Correlation matrix for C, N and P concentrations and ratios in Chenier Island soils (n = 60) in the YRD.

<p>Correlation matrix for C, N and P concentrations and ratios in Chenier Island soils (n = 60) in the YRD.</p

Summary of soil C, N and P stoichiometry in Chenier Island in the Yellow River Delta.

<p>Summary of soil C, N and P stoichiometry in Chenier Island in the Yellow River Delta.</p

Location of the sampling sites in Chenier Island in the Yellow River Delta, China.

<p>Location of the sampling sites in Chenier Island in the Yellow River Delta, China.</p

The R_CN, R_CP and R_NP in different plant tissues of <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>heteroptera</i> from Chenier Island.

<p>The R_CN, R_CP and R_NP in different plant tissues of <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>heteroptera</i> from Chenier Island.</p

TC, TN and TP in different plant tissues of <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>heteroptera</i> from Chenier Island.

<p>TC, TN and TP in different plant tissues of <i>P</i>. <i>australis</i> and <i>S</i>. <i>heteroptera</i> from Chenier Island.</p

Summary of plant C, N and P stoichiometry in the beach ridge in Chenier Island.

<p>Summary of plant C, N and P stoichiometry in the beach ridge in Chenier Island.</p

Basic soil characteristics of the study are in Chenier Island.

<p>Basic soil characteristics of the study are in Chenier Island.</p

Odorant-Binding Protein <i>HvarOBP</i>5 in Ladybird Hippodamia variegata Regulates the Perception of Semiochemicals from Preys and Habitat Plants

A total of 12 OBPs were identified in the antennae of ladybird Hippodamia variegata. HvarOBP1/2/5/6/10/11 were highly expressed in adults, whereas HvarOBP3/4/7/8/9/12 had higher expression levels in larvae. In adults, HvarOBP1/2/4/5/6/7/8/11/12 were highly expressed in antennae. Among these, recombinant HvarOBP5 strong bound with (E)-β-farnesene (EβF), (R)-(+)-limonene, (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-l,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), hexyl hexanoate, and geranyl acetate. Molecular docking indicated that Leu42, Lys43, and His64 were the key binding sites of HvarOBP5. All six ligands evoked electroantennography (EAG) responses in ladybirds. Moreover, (R)-(+)-limonene and hexyl hexanoate were attractive to both sexes. After RNA interference for 72 h, the EAGs of dsRNA-injected ladybirds to DMNT and hexyl hexanoate were significantly decreased by 73.8 and 78.6%, respectively. Both dsRNA-injected males and females showed significantly lower behavioral preferences for DMNT and hexyl hexanoate. These findings suggest that HvarOBP5 in H. variegata plays an important role in the perception of semiochemical cues from preys and habitat plants